题目内容

若采用肥料进行树盘覆盖,则一定要采用充分腐熟的有机肥,以防病菌滋生。

A. 对
B. 错

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1967年,Banuch Blumberg博士发现了乙肝病毒(HBV DNA),并因此获得1976年诺贝尔生理学和医学奖。自病毒发现伊始,人类就开始了与乙肝病毒的拉锯战。1986年,首个干扰素问世,打响了乙肝抗病毒治疗的第一枪;1999年,首个抗击乙肝病毒的核苷类治疗药物拉米夫定上市;2005年,阿德福韦上市;2006年,恩替卡韦上市……至今人类已经拥有了多个抗击乙肝病毒的治疗武器。 乙肝病毒在复制过程中,其变异率比其他DNA病毒高10倍左右。减少病毒发生耐药变异,关键是快速强效地降低乙肝病人体内的病毒载量,同时还需要考虑病毒对药物耐药所需的基因变异位点的数目。研究表明,在高病毒载量e抗原阳性的慢性乙肝患者中,与阿德福韦相比,恩替卡韦的降病毒能力更快更强。拉米夫定、阿德福韦或替比夫定只需要1个乙肝病毒 DNA位点变异就可对它们产生耐药;而恩替卡韦则需要乙肝病毒DNA上同时有3个位点发生变异,这就好比提高了病毒耐药的门槛,从而降低了病毒对药物耐药的发生率。 下列选项与上文所述内容不相符的是______。

A. 乙肝耐药变异发生率与乙肝病毒载量的高低成正比
B. 乙肝耐药变异发生率与乙肝病毒产生耐药所需基因变异位点的数目成反比
C. 初治时应选择强效降病毒、高耐药的药物效果好
D. 初治时应选择强效降病毒、低耐药的药物效果好

草坪铺之前就应对选定的草源地进行去除野草和施肥等工作,使草源强健。

A. 对
B. 错

案例分析题Humans have never lacked for ways to get wasted. The natural world is full of soothing but addictive leaves and fruits and fungi, and for centuries, science has added them to the pharmacopoeia to relieve the pain of patients. In the past two decades, that’s been especially true. As the Joint Commission on the Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations developed new policies to treat pain more actively, approaching it not just as an unfortunate side effect of illness but as a fifth vital sign, along with temperature, heart rate, respirtory rate and blood pressure, a bounty of new opoids(鸦片类物)has rolled off Big Pharma’s production line.There was fentanyl, synthetic opioid around since the 1960s that went into wide use as a treatment for cancer pain in the 1990s. That was followed by Oxycodone, a short-acting drug for more routine pain, and after thatcame Oxycontin, a 12-hour formulation of the same powerful pill. Finally came hydrocodone. The government considers hydrocodone a Schedule Ⅲ drug—one with a " moderate or low" risk of dependency, as opposed to Schedule Ⅱ’s, which carry a "severe" risk. Physicians must submit a written prescription for Schedule Ⅱ drugs ; for Schedule Ⅲ’s, they just phone the pharmacy. ( Schedule I substances are drugs like heroin that are never prescribed. ) For patients, that wealth of choices spelled danger.The result has hardly been surprising. Since 1990, there has been a tenfold increase in prescriptions for opioids in the U. S. , according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP). In 1990 there were barely 6, 000 deaths from accidental drug poisoning in the U. S. By 2007 that number had nearly quintupled, to 27, 658.Health officials do not tease out which drug is responsible for every death, and it’s not always possible. "There may be lots of drugs on board, " says Cathy Barber, director of the Injury Control Research Center at the Harvard School of Public Health. "Is it the opioid that caused the death Or is it the combination of opioid, benzodiazepine and a cocktail the person had" Still, most experts agree that nothing but the exploding availability of opioids could be behind the exploding rate of death.Despite such heavy death toil, the suivellance over these popular pills faces regulatory maze. In early 2009, the FDA announced that it was initiating a " risk-evaluation and mitigation strategy". The regulations the FDA is empowered to issue include requiring manufacturers to provide better information to patients and doctors, requiring doctors to meet certain educational criteria before writing opioid prescriptions and limiting the number of docs and pharmacies allowed to prescribe or dispense the drugs. "And with all that, "warns Dr. John Jenkins, director of the FDA’s Office of New Drugs, " we do still have to make sure patients have access to drugs they need. "Any regulations the FDA does impose won’t be announced until 2011 at the earliest and could take a year or more to roll out. That leaves millions of people continuing to fill prescriptions, tens of thousands per year dying and patients in genuine pain wondering when a needed medication will relieve their suffering—and when it could lead to something worse. The aim of FDA’s regulation over opoids is to()

A. ban doctors from prescribing these medicine
B. minimize the undesirable effects of these medicine
C. require manufacturers to provide better information to patients and doctors
D. limit the number of doctors eligible for prescribing these medicine

物理层对连接到网络上的设备描述其各种机械的、电气的和功能的规定,还定义了电位的高低、变化的间隔、电缆的类型、连接器的特性等。物理层的数据单位是 【15】 。

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