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乘数效应是指( )。
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In bringing up children, every parent watches eagerly the child’s acquisition (学会) of each new skill—the first spoken words, the first independent steps, or the beginning of reading and writing. It is common that parents hurry the child beyond his natural learning rate, but this can set up dangerous feelings of failure and states of worry in the child. This might happen at any stage. A baby might be forced to use a toilet too early, and a young child might be encouraged to learn to read before he knows the meaning of the words he reads. On the other hand, though, if a child is left alone too much, or without any learning opportunities, he loses his natural enthusiasm (情) for life and his desire to find out new things for himself. Parents vary greatly in their degree of strictness towards their children. Some may be especially strict in money matters; others are severe over time of coming home at night or punctuality (准时) for meals. In general, the controls imposed (强加的) represent the needs of the parents and the values of the community (社区) as much as the child’s own happiness. As regards the development of moral standards in the growing child, consistency (一致) is very important in parental teaching. To forbid a thing one day and excuse it the next is no foundation for morality (道德，道义). Also, parents should realize that "example is better than precept". If they are not sincere and do not practise what they preach (说教), their children may grow confused, and emotionally insecure when they grow old enough to think for themselves, and realize they have been to some extent fooled. A sudden awareness of a marked difference between their parents’ principles and their morals can be a dangerous disappointment. When children are learning new skills, parents should（）
I am a computer expert. I have been in the field for only a short time. I never learned much in the way of science or math. And I am quite puzzled by things like engineering or electronics.Then why am I able to write about computers I can write on this subject because of these shortcomings. The last two years of learning has been a hard test for me. By hard work I have managed to learn enough to use computers fairly well, and to work with people who know a great deal more than I. Since I have learned all this at such personal cost, I would like to share my know-ledge with others. More and more people want to know about computers, and want to know quickly.The best way to learn is to take a course. However, many people do not have the time for this. They will have to find some other ways to get some basic information. I hope to be able to help them by writing about some of the things I have learned by myself.I have a home computer on which I’ve learned in my own time. I have used it like a home study course. I have sat down with it day after day, night after night. I have forced it to give up some of its secrets. Now I can use it to do some of the work that I get paid for. And I can do this work in my own home, instead of in an office. Many people may soon be working in a computer at home, just as many now take in other people’s typing.Some things about computers are easier than you may fear. First, computers are logical. Things that at first seem difficult will make sense to you after you learn the rules. Second, it is really not hard to learn enough to use today’s machines. You do not need to be a great brain. But you do have to learn to think in new ways. And you do have to keep a good bit of information in your head. Finally, there are many people around who are really enthusiastic (热心的) about computers. These people are always happy to be of help. According to the passage, a computer can be used to help you（）
(1) 将考生文件夹下BROWSE文件夹的文件HUIJI.DBF复制到考生文件夹下EDIT文件夹中。 (2) 将考生文件夹下SORT文件夹中的文件PAIXU.DBT设置为存档和隐藏属性。 (3) 在考生文件夹下SOLDER文件夹中新建一个文件BING.QIU。 (4) 将考生文件夹下DIANZI文件夹中的文件YOUJIAN.WPS移动到考生文件夹下 ZIDONG文件夹中，并将该文件重命名为XINHAN.WRI。 (5) 将考生文件夹下NANKAI文件夹中的文件HEARS.FIG删除。
Science fiction has a tendency to become science fact. Something like Hal, the on-board spaceship computer capable of ethical decision making and intelligence in Arthur Clarke’s 2001:A space Odyssey , is being discussed seriously in modern artificial-intelligence (AI) laboratories. (46) That is not to say that computers will evolve exactly as Clarke envisioned, any more than propulsion systems developed in the way Jules Verne imagined three-quarters of a century before a rocked sent a spaceship to the moon. (47)However, computer scientists are developing systems that come very close to mimicking parts of human cognition;it seems plausible that something like Hal will be around before you depart from this earth.(48) Computerized cognition, or artificial intelligence (AI), as it is often called, is broadly defined as that branch of computer science that deals with the development of computers (hardware) and computer programs (software) that emulate human cognitive functions. Cognition involves perception, memory, thinking, language processing and many other related functions which are carried out in a more or less exact way. You can, for example, see and recognize your friend’s face; compose a sensible poem set in iambic pentameter; mentally calculate the most direct route from your home to the college, and distinguish sour milk from fresh milk. We do things like this every day with no effort. We also do a lot of foolish things, such as put shampoo on our toothbrush. We are human and that’s a problem for computers, being perfect machines that never make a mistake, "computer errors" notwithstanding.If a computer could simulate human thought and actions precisely, then it would be as good as we are in doing the list of things mentioned earlier, but also be just as fallible as we are. (49)It is important to recognize the distinction between those who want to write programs that will perform human tasks well, such as the program we are presently using that draws a squiggly red line under misspelled words and those who aim to clone human thought. Computers and their impressive programs have become such an indispensable part of our everyday life that we wonder how we got along without them—still, they aren’t clever enough to shampoo with toothpaste.When we discuss AI, it is usually intertwined with Cognitive psychology and neuroscience. (50) Ideas from one field, for example, neuroscience, might be incorporated into another, for example, artificial intelligence, and yet other ideas from cognitive psychology might be applied to both other areas. All three—AI, cognitive psychology, and neuroscience (especially neuroscience)— build a platform for cognitive science. Ideas from one field, for example, neuroscience, might be incorporated into another, for example, artificial intelligence, and yet other ideas from cognitive psychology might be applied to both other areas.
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