题目内容
In the second sentence of the last paragraph， the word "they" refers__________．
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Internet-based Instruction
By almost any measure, there is a boom in Internet-based instruction. In just a few years, 34 percent of American universities have begun offering some form. of distance learning (DL ) , and among the larger schools, it&39;s closer to 90 percent. If you doubt the popularity of the trend, you probably haven&39;t heard of the University of Phoenix. It grants degrees entirely on the basis of online instruction. It enrolls 90 000 students, a statistic used to support its claim to be the largest private university in the country.
While the kinds of instruction offered in these programs will differ, DL usually signifies a course in which the instructors post syllabi (课程大纲) , reading assignments, and schedules on Websites, and students send in their assignments by e-mail. Generally speaking, face-to-face communication with an instructor is minimized or eliminated altogether.
The attraction for students might at first seem obvious. Primarily, there&39;s the convenience promised by courses on the Net : you can do the work, as they say, in your pajamas (睡衣 ) . But figures indicate that the reduced effort results in a reduced commitment to the course. While drop-out rates for all freshmen at American universities is around 20 percent, the rate for online students is 35 percent. Students themselves seem to understand the weaknesses inherent in the setup. In a survey conducted for eCornell, the DL division of Cornell University, less than a third of the respondents expected the quality of the online course to be as good
as the classroom course.
Clearly, from the schools&39; perspective, there&39;s a lot of money to be saved. Although some of the more ambitious programs require new investments in servers and networks to support collaborative software, most DL courses can run on existing or minimally upgraded (升级) systems. The more students who enroll in a course but don&39;t come to campus, the more the school saves on keeping the lights on in the classrooms, paying doorkeepers, and maintaining parking lots. And, while there&39;s evidence that instructors must work harder to run a DL course for a variety of reasons, they won&39;t be paid any more, and might well be paid less.
What is the most striking feature of the University of Phoenix？
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Why Would They Falsely Confess？
Why on earth would an innocent person falsely confess to committing a crime？ To most people, it justdoesn&39;t seem logical. But it is logical, say experts, if you understand what could happen in a police interrogation(审讯) room. Under the right conditions, people&39;s minds are susceptible (易受影响的 ) to influence, and the pressure put on suspects during police grilling (盘问 ) is enormous.
46"The pressure is important to understand because otherwise it&39;s impossible to understand why someone would say he did something he didn&39;t do. The answer is to put an end to an uncomfortable situation that will continue until he does confess." Developmental psychologist Allison Redlich recently conducted a laboratory determine how likely people are to confess to things they didn&39;t do.47The researchers then intentionally crashed the computers and accused the participants of hitting the "alt" key to see if they would sign a statement falsely taking responsibility.
Redlich&39;s findings clearly demonstrate how easy it can be to get people to falsely confess: 59 percent of the young adults in the experiment immediately confessed.48Of the 15 to 16-year-olds, 72 percent signed confessions, as did 78 percent of the 12 to 13-year-olds.
"There&39;s no question that young people are more at risk, " says Saul Kassin, Professor at Williams College, who has done similar studies with similar results.49A psychology Both Kassin and Redlich note that the entire "interrogation" in their experiments consisted of a simple accusation-not hours of aggressive questioning-and still, most participants falsely confessed.
Because of the stress of a police interrogation, they conclude, suspects can become convinced that falsely confessing is the easiest way out of a bad situation.50
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The study made by Brook‘haven National Laboratory shows__________．
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