Estimates of campus violence range widely due to both the (47)______ official statistics and the use of different definitions and data collection methods in surveys. Existing data indicate, however, that a substantial minority of college students experience some type of violence and related consequences. According to one nationally representative survey of college students, (48)______ 17 percent of students reported experiencing some form of violence in the previous year. Common forms of campus violence include sexual and interpersonal violence. A 1997 national telephone survey found that 1.7 percent of college women had experienced a completed rape and 1.1 percent an attempted rape in the seven months (49)______ the survey. Projecting these figures over an entire calendar year, the survey’’s authors concluded that nearly 5 percent of college women might be victimized annually and that (50)______ 25 percent might be assaulted by the end of their college years. In the same study, 13 percent of college women reported they had been threatened during the seven-month period. Other studies, using varying definitions, estimate that from 20 to 50 percent of students experience dating violence by the end of college. In addition, 13.2 percent of college students report having been in a physical fight in the past 12 months, 8.5 percent report carrying a (51)______ in the past 30 days, and 4.3 percent report "having a firearm with them at college." Hazing (被凌辱, 恃强凌弱)is also a common concern. Of the 25 percent of National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) athletes who responded to a 1999 Alfred University survey, 79 percent had experienced some form of hazing, and 51 percent of respondents had been required to participate in drinking contests or alcohol-related hazing. Approximately 20 percent of the (52)______ reported what the authors called "unacceptable and potentially illegal" hazing. Hate and bias crimes occur all too (53)______ on campus. A 1998 study estimated that an average of 3.8 hate crimes per campus occurred that year, 80 percent of them (54)______ by the victim’’s race or sexual orientation. In a study of gay and lesbian students, 42 percent reported experiencing some level of physical (55)______ due to their sexual orientation. Victims of violence experience a wide variety of physical and emotional (56)______, often leading to social and academic difficulties. Violence can lower the quality of life for all campus members, who may become fearful and restrict their activities out of concern for safety. In addition, violence affects colleges administration by increasing costs on security that could otherwise be used to further the academic mission. Word BankA) incredible B) inadequate C) respondentsD) approximately E) motivated F) discoveryG) prior to H) aggression I) exchangeJ) up to K) weapon L) absolutelyM) consequences N) commission O) frequently
Passage Four A few years ago it was fashionable to speak of a generation gap, a division between young people and their elders. Parents complained that children did not show them proper respect and obedience, while children complained that their parents did not understand them at all. What had gone wrong Why had the generation gap suddenly appeared Actually, the generation gap bas been around for a long time. Many critics argue that it is built into the fabric of our society. One important cause of the generation gap is the opportunity that young people have to choose their own life style. In more traditional societies, when children grow up, they are expected to live in the same area as their parents, to marry people that their parents know and approve of, and often to continue the family occupation. In our society, young people often travel great distances for their educations, move out of the family home at an early age, marry or live with people whom their parents have never met, and choose occupations different from those of their parents. In our upwardly mobile society, parents often expect their children to do better than they did: to find better jobs, to make more money, and to do all the things that they were unable to do. Often, however, the ambitions that parents have for their children are another cause of the division between them. Often, they discover that they have very little in common with each other. Finally, the speed at which changes take place in our society is another cause of the gap between the generations. In a traditional culture, elderly people are valued for their wisdom, but in our society the knowledge of a lifetime may become obsolete overnight. The young and the old seem to live in two very different worlds, separated by different skills and abilities. No doubt, the generation gap will continue to be a feature of American life for some time to come. Its causes are rooted in the freedoms and opportunities of our society, and in the rapid pace at which society changes. The main idea of the first paragraph is that ______
A. the generation gap suddenly appeared
B. the generation gap is a feature of American life
C. how people can reduce the generation gap
D. many critics argue over the nature of the generation gap