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Marketing ManagementPlayboy’s principal distritution channel until 1979 was a network of approximately 450 nonproprietary retail outlets throughout the United States, many of which also sold other brands of men’s premium shoes. Play boy’s shoes were sold wholesale to retailers at approximately 50 percent of the suggested retail price. Price increases usually were announced in February or August. The company did not offer its retail accounts quantity discounts.Because producing high-quality men’s dress shoes demanded highly skilled labor and specialized facilities, Playboy’s entire product life had been manufactured at the company’s facility in Lynn, Massachusetts, through our most of the company’s history. As consumer preferences changed and fashion became more important in men’s shoes during the 1970s, Playboy began contracting with outside manufacturers to produce casual shoes that matched Playboy’s quality and feature specifications yet could extend the brand’s franchise to a younger age group. Playboy’s executives labeled these styles "outside" shoes, while those manufactured at the Lynn plant were called "inside" shoes, in 1985, the average prices the retailer paid Playboy for pair of inside shoes was $52 and, for a pair of outside shoes, $34. Variable manufacturing costs per pair of inside shoes were $40. The average cost of a pair of outside shoes to Playboy was $28.Playboy sold approximately 160 inside shoe styles and 56 styles made by outside mahufacturers, Since there were 80 sizes to each style, Playboy’ total SKUs numbered around 17,280, and it carried an inventory in stock of over 64,000 pairs, Both internal and external production schedules for each style were set in advance, based on sales projections. Playboy rarely did "makeup" (styles not included in its regular product line, manufactured to the specification of a retailer) for a particular retail account.Each of Playboy’s 16 salespeople was assigned a geographic territory and was responsible for retailer sales and service with the area. Salespeople also were expected to perform "previews" at the beginning of fail and spring seasons as a method of increasing both consumer and trade sales, Previews consisted of a sales presentation at retail store, where the Playboy salesperson would display and explain the company’s entire line to store customers. During the preview, the customer was offered a price promotion of $10 off any pair of Playboy shoes. The retailer was responsible for absorbing the cost of the promotion, while the cost of advertising placed to stimulate retail traffic during the preview was shared between Playboy and the retailer. The Playboy sales person would spend time with the retailer’s salespeople and customers describing the quality and comfort of Playboy shoes. Company management believed that consumers were likely to "trade up" to a higher-priced brand if they understood the features and benefits of premium shoes. The managers believed that retail sales people often missed sales opportunities by assuming that casually dressed customers would not buy expensive high-quality shoes, and one of Playboy’s goals was to have retail salespeople try a pair of Playboy shoes on every customer. For some Playboy retail accounts, close to 30 percent of annual sales were made during the fall and spring previews.Playboy management tracked the sales of every shoe style. If sales of a particular style slowed, management might elect to replace only the middle sizes, ensuring that Playboy would end up with the most popular sizes of a style before the style was terminated or "closed out". Established retail accounts had the option of purchasing close-outs at a 30 percent discount from the regular wholesale price. A list of close-outs was sent to retail accounts twice each year. Retailers would often try to sell these styles at full retail price to increase their unit margins, then mark them down, as necessary. Close-outs accounted for unit sales of 5,500 to 6,500 pairs of Playboy shoes per year.. Playboy’s internal SKUs numbered （）
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某工程建设项目施工招标，采用综合评估法评标。某招标代理机构负责编制招标文件，招标人要求在计划施工工期的基础上尽可能合理地缩短工期。
案例：某桥梁工程施工合同，工程开工后第八个月施工，承包商发现施工图纸有误，遂向监理工程师汇报了这一情况，经监理工程师审核后，确实存在错误，经建设单位同意后，监理工程师责成承包单位对原施下图提供变更相应的图纸和说明。因施工图设计变更，导致施工单位停工待图，施工单位因停工待图导致工期拖延和费用增加，向原施工图设计单位提出索赔。 就停工待图事件，施工单位提出索赔和监理工程师答复的程序是如何规定的
Punctuation makes the written language intelligible. It does the job, on the page, of the changes of pitch, pace and rhythm which make it possible to understand speech. Unsurprisingly, therefore, a requirement for some knowledge of how to punctuate makes an early appearance in an English curriculum. The trouble is, that necessary though punctuation is, the task of teaching it to children is considerably more challenging than it might appear. For example, it is possible that to instruct children about writing in sentences by telling them about full stops and capital letters is to court frustration and failure. The notion of the sentence as a statement—a free- standing chunk of information—is something that children come to gradually. As written work grows longer and more complicated, so the perception of sentence increases. Good teachers will, in their teaching of early writing, watch for the child’s ability to compose in sentences, and then point out how the use of punctuation will define them more clearly. So, where, in all this, comes the mechanical definition of a sentence—that it needs a verb, for example The pragmatic answer is that it comes nowhere at all. Adult writers do not, on the whole, look back at their sentences to make sure they contain verbs. We all surely feel our sentences intuitively. Most of the time, to be sure, they will contain verbs. Occasionally, though, they may not—and where’s the harm What is certain is that you cannot possibly use the grammatical rule as a tool with which to teach a seven-year-old about sentence-writing. The child can be nudged and helped towards writing in sentences, but on the whole he will not do it until he is ready. The point is that punctuation is an aid which the writer brings into play to illuminate an already formed idea. Before you can learn the punctuation, you have to know what you want to punctuate. Thus you teach capital letters, full stops, question marks and exclamation marks to a child who is already writing sentences, questions and exclamations. The development of a child’s writing will always be a step ahead of the punctuation, and to reverse the process in response, say, to the short-term demands of a curriculum is to put later progress at risk. What, according to the passage, might make a teacher teach punctuation before children have the ability to write sentences
案例：某桥梁工程施工合同，工程开工后第八个月施工，承包商发现施工图纸有误，遂向监理工程师汇报了这一情况，经监理工程师审核后，确实存在错误，经建设单位同意后，监理工程师责成承包单位对原施下图提供变更相应的图纸和说明。因施工图设计变更，导致施工单位停工待图，施工单位因停工待图导致工期拖延和费用增加，向原施工图设计单位提出索赔。 公路工程变更具体包括哪些内容
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