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Passage FourJan Hendrik Schon's success seemed too good to be true, and it was. In only four years as a physicist at Bell Laborites, Schon, 32, had co-authored 90 scientific papers--one every 16 days--dealing new discoveries in superconductivity, lasers, nanotechnology and quantum physics. This output astonished his colleagues, and made them suspicious. When one co-worker noticed that the same table of data appeared in two separate papers--which also happened to appear in the two most prestigious scientific journals in the world, Science and Nature-the jig was up. In October 2002 a Bell Labs investigation found that: Schon had falsified and fabricated data. His career as a scientist was finished .Scientific scandals, witch are as old as science itself, tend to follow similar patterns of presumption and due reward.In recent years, of course, the pressure on scientists to publish in the top journals has increased, making the journals much more crucial to career success. The questions are whether Nature and Science have become to too powerful as arbiters of what science reach to the public, and whether the journals are up to their task as gatekeepers.Each scientific specialty has its own set of journals. Physicists have Physical Review Letters; neuroscientists have Neuron, and so forth. Science and Nature, though, are the only two major journals that cover the gamut of scientific disciplines, from meteorology and zoology to quantum physics and chemistry. As a result, journalists look to them each week for the cream of the crop of new science papers. And scientists look to the journals in part to reach journalists. Why do they care? Competition for grants has gotten so fierce that scientists have sought popular renown to gain an edge over their rivals. Publication in specialized journals will win the acclaims from academics and satisfy the publish-or-perish imperative, but Science and Nature come with the added bonus of potentially getting your paper written up in The New York Times and other publications.Scientists tend to pay more attention to the big two than to other journals. When more scientists know about a particular paper, they're more apt to cite it in their own papers. Being oft-cited will increase a scientist's "Impact Factor," a measure of how often papers are cited by peers. Funding agencies use the "Impact Factor" as a rough measure of the influence of scientists they're considering supporting. The expression "the cream of the crop" in Paragraph 3 likely means （）
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B.根据课文的内容在每个空白处填入一个恰当的词。 This is 61 of the techniques of mankind. It is also true of mankind’s spiritual 62. Most of these resources, both technical and spiritual, are stored in books. 63 you have read a book, you have 64 to your human experience. Read Homer and your mind 65 a piece of Homer’s mind. Through books you can acquire at least fragments of the mind and 66 of Virgil, Dante, Shakespeare---the list is 67 . For a great book is necessarily a 68 ; it offers you a life you have not time to live yourself, and it takes you into a 69 you have not the time to travel in literal time. A 70 mind is one that contains many such lives and many such worlds. 65()
2) Over the last two decades the public, though still worshiping the scientific world-view, has been shocked by the facts about ecological treats to the biosphere that they had not even suspected existed
Passage Four If you’ve ever been pranked on April Fools’ Day, you may wonder how this tradition started. Well, you’re not alone. No one knows for sure how April Fools’ Day began. But the most likely explanation has to do with the calendar. No, that’s not an April Fools’ Day joke. People used to celebrate New Year’s Day on April lst. Just like today, people would have big parties to celebrate. Over time, the calendar changed and so did the date for New Year’s. In the 1500s, the new calendar marked New Year’s Day as January lst. But because there was no Internet or other means to spread the word, the news traveled slowly by word of mouth. It took a while for everyone to hear about the change, and even then some people resisted it. They continued to celebrate New Year’s on April lst. These people were given the nickname“April fools”. People following; the new calendar played tricks on the “April fools” by sending them on“ fool’s errands”. They had the “April fools” deliver invitations to big New Year’s celebrations that weren’t really going to happen. In France, “April fools” were called “Poisson d’Avril”, which is French for “April Fish”. This began because people thought fish were easy to catch since they could be fooled into taking the bait on a hook. Children would tag a paper fish on a person’s back to mark them as an “April Fish”. When the person discovered the fish, the prankster would yell “Poisson d’Avril”. Not everyone is convinced that this is actually how the tradition of April Fools’Day began. People have tried to pinpoint the exact date of the first April Fools’ Day, but this only led to more pranks. A professor from Boston University pranked a reporter by making up a story about a court jester who said he could run the empire better than the king. The jester was made king for a day on April lst. This turned out to be a big April Fools’ Day trick because the reporter thought the story was real. Even though we aren’t sure how this tradition began, people still celebrate April Fools’ Day by playing tricks on each other. So the next time you prank someone and yell “April Fools!” remember that the day may actually be about the people who didn’t want to change their traditions when the new calendar was adopted. Or maybe it’s just a day to celebrate the joker in all of us.Questions 16-20 are based on Passage Four On April lst, children in France used to______.
Over the past few years, outcries from food activists have changed many Americans' eating habits: Criticism of widespread pesticide use led many consumers to organic foods, and early warnings prompted shoppers to shun irradiated and genetically altered food. _____71 Major players have muscled laws through state legislatures. The statutes make it illegal to suggest that a particular food is unsafe without a "sound scientific basis" for the claim. these so-called banana bills are under discussion in several U.S. states. Banana bill backers believe the laws will protect agricultural producers from losses like those following the Alar scare in 1989, when the TV magazine show 60 Minutes publicized a Natural Resources Defense Council report charging that the chemical, which enhances the which enhances the appearance of apples, causes cancer _____72. Banana bill foes say the laws simply serve to repress those who speak out against risky food-produce with "acceptable" level of pesticides, genetically altered tomatoes, milk from cows injected with the growth hormone rbST, which boosts milk production. _____73 They call them an insult to free speech and an impediment to covering critical food safety issues, notes Nicols Fox in American Journalism Review (March 1995). Most critics question the laws' requirement that only charges based on "reasonable and reliable" evidence be allowed. _____74 After all, it's unlikely that agribusinesses will accept even the best evidence if it threatens their bottom line. Fox notes that even though the Environmental Protection Agency affirmed that Alar posed unacceptable health risks, Washington State Farm Bureau spokesperson Peter Stemberg insists that EPA's challenged accepted wisdom. Science is "subject to second opinion."-- opinions that challenged accepted wisdom. Instead of attacking what they sneer as‘just science," food producers should be listening to the public's food worries, says Sierra's Raubcr, who cites a recent Young & Rubicam poll that found that 4 out of 5 Americans are "very concerned about food safety.”_____75 A case in point is rbST maker Monsanto, who fought and eventually lost a battle to keep dairy producers from advertising that their milk came from rbST free cows. 72（）。
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