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Public officials and candidates for public office routinely use public opinion polls to keep track of what the people are thinking. An important question is the degree to which these polls should guide leaders in their actions. There are arguments for and against the use of polls as the basis for policy decisions.Polls can contribute to effective government by keeping political leaders from getting too far out of line with the public’s thinking. In a democratic society, the effectiveness of a public policy often dep. ends on the extent of its public support. When a policy is contrary to the public’s desires, people may choose to disregard or undermine it, thus making it counterproductive or inefficient. Further, when government pursues a course of action with which a large proportion of the public disagrees, it risks a loss of public confidence, which can have a negative effect on its ability to lead. The Reagan administration, flying high from 1981 to 1985 ,was brought low in 1986 by public reaction to news of its secret sales of weapons to Iran. The administration had not paid sufficient attention to polls that revealed the deep antagonism American still felt toward Iran be cause the Ayatollah Khomeini’s regime has held sixty-three American hostages in 1979 - 1981.However, leaders can also do a disservice to the public they represent by using poll results as a substitute for policy judgment. "Effective government", as Walter Lippmann wrote, "cannot be conducted by legislators and officials who, when a question is presented, ask themselves first and last not what is the truth and which is the right and necessary course, but what does the Gallup Poll say" During his presidential term, Jimmy Carter proposed five consecutive inflation-fighting programs, changing his plans with each shift in public sentiment without having invested the political capital necessary to get Congress and the country behind any of the efforts. The nation -- and Carter -- would probably have been better served by a steadfast commitment to a single course of action. The Carter example shows that for a leader（）
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TEXT B1 GAZA CITY (CNN Thursday, May 13, 2004 Posted: 8:35 AM EDT (1235 GMT))-Two Israeli helicopter attacks Thursday in Gaza’s Rafah refugee camp have killed 10 people, according to Palestinian security and medical sources.2 The strikes followed Palestinian attacks on Israeli soldiers Tuesday and Wednesday that have claimed 11 soldiers’ lives. This week, violence in Gaza has claimed the lives at least 33 Palestinians as well as the 11 soldiers.3 The fighting comes as Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon works on revising his plan to withdraw military personnel and Jewish settlements from Gaza and parts of the West Bank.4 Israel Defense Forces began the Gaza operation Monday night, saying the mission was aimed at destroying workshops used by Palestinian terrorists to construct Qassam rockets.5 Israeli helicopters first attacked the camp early in the day, killing seven and wounding six others, Palestinian security sources and medical sources said. A second strike was launched around 10:30 a.m. (3:30 a.m. ET), killing three and wounding eight others, the sources said.6 Wednesday night, an Israeli missile strike in Rafah killed seven Palestinians, Palestinian medical sources said. Israel Defense Forces said the Palestinians were targeted because they were trying to hide an explosive device. The strikes on the camp followed an attack that killed five Israeli soldiers traveling in a convoy near Rafah, according to the IDF.Note:7 Sharon’s withdrawal proposal - which would unilaterally withdraw Israeli military and settlements from Gaza and some regions, but not all, of the West Bank-has been praised by President Bush but was voted down in a Likud party referendum May 2.8 The prime minister has said the withdrawal is necessary because the Palestinian Authority had failed to rein in attacks on Israelis and because the diplomatic process is in a "frozen state."9 Palestinians have criticized Israel’s new plan, charging Sharon is attempting to circumvent the negotiations called for in the road map to Middle East peace, which is supported by the United States, the United Nations, the European Union and Russia. Why does Ariel Sharon propose unilateral withdrawal
SECTION A CONVERSATIONS In Sections A, B and C you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the correct response for each question on your ANSWER SHEET.Questions 1 to 4 are based on the following conversation. At the end of the conversation, you will be given 20 seconds to answer the questions.Now listen to the conversation. What is not true about the building of the Channel
It is all very well to blame traffic jams, the cost of petrol and the quick pace of modern life, but manners on the roads are becoming horrible. Everybody knows that the nicest men become monsters behind the wheel. It is all very well, again, to have a tiger in the tank, but to have one in the driver’s seat is another matter altogether. You might tolerate the odd road-hog, the rude and inconsiderate driver, but nowadays the well-mannered motorist is the exception to the rule. Perhaps the situation calls for a "Be Kind to Other Drivers" campaign, otherwise it may get completely out of hand.Road politeness is not only good manners, but good sense too. It takes the most cool-headed and good-tempered of drivers to resist the temptation to revenge when subjected to uncivilized behavior. On the other hand, a little politeness goes a long way towards relieving the tensions of motoring. A friendly nod or a wave of acknowledgement in response to an act of politeness helps to create an atmosphere of goodwill and tolerance so necessary in modern traffic conditions. But such acknowledgements of politeness are all too rare today. Many drivers nowadays don’t even seem able to recognize politeness when they see it.However, misplaced politeness can also be dangerous. Typical examples are the driver who brakes violently to allow a car to emerge from a side street at some hazard to following traffic, when a few seconds later the road would be clear anyway; or the man who waves a child across a zebra crossing into the path of on-coming vehicles that may be unable to stop in time. The same goes for encouraging old ladies to cross the road wherever and whenever they care to. It always amazes me that the highways are not covered with the dead bodies of these grannies.A veteran driver, whose manners are faultless, told me it would help if motorists learnt to filter correctly into traffic streams one at a time without causing the total blockages that give rise to bad temper. Unfortunately, modern motorists can’t even learn to drive, let alone master the subtler aspects of roadmanship. Years ago the experts warned us that the car-ownership explosion would demand a lot more give-and-take from all road users. It is high time for all of us to take this message to heart. The sentence "You might tolerate the odd road-hog...the rule." (Para. 1) implies that（）
If we view a science as a body of systematized knowledge, then chemistry is usually called a natural science because it (26) knowledge of the natural world. At times we may wonder (27) there is no complete system (28) all of chemistry fits perfectly. Gaps in the present system, however, show that chemistry is still a(n) (29) subject and that we (30) all of its facts, laws, and theories. (31) , chemistry as a science is very much (32) us today, and its future holds the bright promise (33) much more to come. Man’s knowledge about himself and nature has grown into (34) sciences. The growth of the separate sciences has been more developmental than intentional. The separation of the natural sciences into physical and biological sciences, and physical sciences into physics and chemistry, happily (35) a larger body of knowledge into more manageable parts. At the same time we should remember that the concepts, techniques, and applications of the various sciences are interdependent and not exclusively a part of one science or (36) . In this (37) , chemistry is a key science among the natural sciences because everyone, (38) the area of natural science he wishes to pursue, needs at least an introduction to the principles and simpler applications of chemistry as a foundation for his specialty. Chemistry deals with the (39) of matter, changes in matter, the laws and principles (40) these changes, and the concepts and theories that interpret them.
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