题目内容
Music comes in many forms; most countries have a style of their own. (56) the mm of the century when jazz was born, America had no prominent (57) of its own. No one knows exactly when jazz was (58) , or by whom. But it began to be (59) in the early 1900s. Jazz is America’s contribution to (60) music．In contrast to classical music, which (61) formal European traditions, jazz is spontaneous and free in form. It bubbles with energy, (62) the moods, interests, and emotions of the people. In the 1920s jazz (63) like America, and (64) it does to day. The (65) of this music are as interesting as the music (66) . American negroes, or blacks, as they are called today, were the jazz (67) . They were brought to Southern States (68) slaves. They were sold to plantation owners and forced to work long (69) . When a Negro died his friends and relatives (70) a procession to carry the body to the cemetery. In New Orleans, a band often accompanied the (71) . On the way to the cemetery the band played slow, solemn music suited to the occasion. (72) on the way home the mood changed．Spirits lifted．Death had removed one of their (73) , but the living were glad to believe. The band played (74) music, improvising(即兴表演) on both the harmony and the melody of the tunes (75) at the funeral. This music made everyone want to dance. It was an early form of jazz.
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In many cultures people make a distinction between fine art and folk art. Although telling the difference between these two types of art is not always easy, each has certain general characteristics that help to identify it. One characteristic of folk art, for example, is that it is the product of ordinary people, the folk. Further more, folk art is often traditional in composition and subject matter. Fine art, in contrast, is usually the product of professionals who have studied art. These professional artists are usually more strongly influenced by the contemporary world and modern composition than by tradition. Another difference between folk and fine art is that folk art is often created to decorate a functional object. For example, a person who decorates his or her home by sculpting the wooden beam that holds up the roof is creating folk art. Fine art, on the other hand, is usually purely decorative Its only function is to its environment. A third distinguishing characteristic of folk art is that it is "participatory". This means that the art is created through the active involvement of the participants in the artistic project. For instance, a work song is created when a group of workers with one job to do sing together. By singing together, they make their work easier and also create a song that is considered to be folk art. In addition, paintings on the walls of churches are some times considered folk art since many people are involved in the endeavor, not only painters. The participants who are not skillful at drawing or painting, mix colors or clean up spilled paint. Fine art, such as music, how ever, seldom involves participation of any one besides the artist. Other people are usually not involved in the production. People at a music concert are only listeners, not participants. In the same way, a fine-art painting is primarily the work of one known artist, not a group. Folk art is characterized by anonymity; the folk artist is rarely, if ever, known. A final distinctive characteristic of folk art is that it tends to become rarer as a society becomes more industrialized. When machines produce all of the objects that people are likely to need in their everyday lives, people are likely to stop producing and decorating household objects at home. Likewise, when most people have radios, they tend to listen to the songs on the radio while they work rather than to sing traditional work songs. However, the quality and quantity of fine art do not decrease with industrialization. In fact, the amount may in crease if industrialization raises the standard of living, thus creating a larger number of people who can afford to buy fine art. The author’’s attitude toward folk art is ______.
Unlike most sports, which evolved over time from street games, basketball was designed by one man to suit a particular purpose. The man was Dr. James Naismith, and his purpose was to invent a vigorous game that could be played indoors in the winter. In 1892, Naismith was an instructor at a training school, which trained physical education instructors for the YMCAs. That year the school was trying (1)______up with a physical activity that the men could enjoy (2)______ the football and base ball seasons. None of the standard indoor activities (3)______their interest for long. Naismith was asked to solve the problem by the school. He first tried to (4)______some of the popular outdoor sports, but they were all too rough. The men were getting bruised from tackling each other and (5)______hit with equipment. So, Naismith decided to invent a game that would incorporate the most common elements of outdoor team sports without having the real physical contact. Most popular sports used a ball. So he chose a soccer ball because it was soft and large enough that it (6)______no equipment, such as a bat or a racket to hit it. Next he decided (7)______ an elevated goal, so that scoring would depend on skill and accuracy rather than on (8)______ only. His goals were two peach baskets, (9)______to ten-foot-high balconies at each end of the gym. The basic (10)______of the game was to throw the ball into the basket. Naismith wrote rules for the game, (11)______of which, though with some small changes , are still (12)______effect. Basketball was an immediate success. The students (13)______it to their friends, and the new sport quickly (14)______on. Today, basketball is one of the most popular games (15)______the world.
Passage 2 How can we get rid of garbage Do we have enough energy sources to meet our future energy needs These are two important questions that many people are asking today. Some people think that man might be able to solve both problems at the same time. They suggest using garbage as an energy source, and at the some time it can save the land to hold garbage. For a long time, people buried garbage or dumped(倾倒) it on empty land．Now, empty land is scarce. But more and more garbage is produced each year. However, garbage can be a good fu el to use. The things in garbage do not look like coal, petroleum, or natural gas; but they are chemically similar to these fossil(化石) fuels. As we use up our fossil fuel supplies, we might be able to use garbage as an energy source. Burning garbage is not a new idea．Some cities in Europe and the United States have been burning garbage for years. (78) The heat that is produced by burning garbage is used to boil water. The steam that is produced is used to make electricity or to heat nearby buildings. In Paris, France, some power plants bum almost 2 million metric tons of the cities garbage each year. The amount of energy produced is about the same as would be produced by burning almost a half mil lion barrels of oil. Our fossil fuel supplies are limited．(79) Burning garbage might be one kind of energy source that we can use to help meet our energy needs. This method could also reduce the amount of garbage piling up on the earth. According to the passage which of the following is NOT true
Often such arguments have the effect of ______ rather than clarifying the issues involved.
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