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Psychologists take opposing opinion of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who make the study of the relationship between actions and their results, argue that rewards can make improvement in performing at work and school. Cognitive (认知学派的) researchers, who study various fields of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on approval and presents from others.The latter point has gained many supporters, especially among educators. But the careful use of small monetary (金钱的) rewards sparks creativity in grade-school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements (刺激) indeed aid inventiveness, in accordance to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology."If kids know they’re working for a reward and can keep close attention to a task relatively full of challenges, they show the most creativity," says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. "But it’s simple to vanish creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards."A teacher who continually pays attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students, Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes more and more efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failing grades,In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims. Psychologists are divided with regard to their attitudes toward（）
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听下面一段对话，回答下列问题。M: Hello, Professor Johnson.W: Hello, Tony. So what shall we work on todayM: Well, the problem is that this writing assignment isn’t coming out right. What I thought I was writing on was to talk about what particular sport means to me when I participate in.W: What sport did you chooseM: I decided to write about cross country skiing.W: What are you going to say about skiingM: That’s the problem. I thought I would write about how peaceful it is to be out in the country.W: So why is that a problemM: As I start describing how quiet it is to be out in the woods. I keep mentioning how much effort it takes to keep going. Cross-country skiing isn’t so easy as some people think. It takes a lot of energy, but that’s not part of my paper. So I guess I should leave it out. But now I don’t know how to explain that feeling of peacefulness without explaining how hard you have to work for it. It all fits together. It’s not like just sitting down somewhere and watching the clouds roll by. That’s different.W: Then you’ll have to include that in your point. The peacefulness of cross-country skiing is the kind you earn by effort. Why leave that out Part of your point you knew before hand but part you discovered as you wrote. That’s common, rightM: Yeah, I guess so. What should be common in writing papers（）
听下面一段对话，回答下列问题。In the next few decades people are going to travel very differently from the way we do today. Everyone is going to drive electrically powered cars. So in a few years people won’t worry about running out of gas.Some of the large automobile companies are really moving ahead with this new technology.Transportation in the future won’t be limited to the ground. Many people predict that traffic will move to the sky. In the coming years, instead of radio reports about road conditions and highway traffic, new reports will talk about traffic jam in the sky.But the sky isn’t the limit. In the future, you’ll probably even be able to take a trip to the moon. Instead of listening to regular airplane announcements, you’ll hear someone say, "The spacecraft will get rid of the gravity in ten seconds. Please check your equipment and remember, no more than ten ounces of carry-on baggage are allowed." What kind of cars will be used in the future（）
听下面一段对话，回答下列问题。W: Good evening and welcome to this week’s Business World. It programs for and about business people. Tonight we have Mr Thompson who came to the US six years ago, and is now an established businessman with three restaurants in town. Tell us Mr Thompson, how did you get startedM: Well, I started off with a small diner. I did all the cooking myself and my wife waited on tables. It was really too much work for two people. My cooking is great. And word got around town about the food. Within a year, I Had to hire another cook and four waitresses. When that restaurant became very busy, I decided to expand my business. Now with three places my main concern is keeping the business successful and running smoothly.W: Do you advertiseM: Oh, yes. I don’t have any TV commercials, because they are too expensive. But I advertise a lot on radio and in local newspapers. My children used to distribute ads. in nearby shopping centres, but we don’t need to do that anymore.W: Why do you believe you’ve been so successfulM: Em, I always serve the freshest possible food and I make the atmosphere as comfortable and as pleasant as I can, so that my customers will want to come back.W: So you always aim to please the customersM: Absolutely! Without them I would have no business at all.W: Thank you, Mr Thompson. I think your advice will be helpful to those just starting out in business. What does Mr Thompson say about advertising his business（）
Dogs are social animals and they will act like wild animals without proper training. They will destroy your house, bark excessively, fight other dogs and even hurt you. Almost all behavior problems are normal dog activities. The efficient way to prevent or treat behavior problems is learning to instruct the dog to redirect its normal behavior.One of the best things you can do for both your dog and yourself is to give it obedience training. Obedience training doesn’t solve all behavior problems, but it is the basis for solving just about any problem. Training promotes connection between you and your pets. Efficient communication is necessary to instruct your dog about what you want it to do and what you don’t want.Training is also a simple method to establish the social rank system. When your dog obeys a simple request such as "come here, sit" , which is showing obedience and respect for you. It is unnecessary to establish yourself as top dog or leader of the dog pack(群) by using extreme measures. You can teach your dog its subordinate (从属的) role by teaching it to obey to you. Training should be fun and rewarding for you and your dog. It can enrich your relationship and make living together more enjoyable. A well-trained dog can be safer to others when allowed a greater amount of freedom. Obedience training can（）
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