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This year, my husband Doug and I celebrated the 25th birthday of a man we had never met. His name was Tonny Horn. On the night of October 21, 2005, when he was standing in a parking lot (停车场) talking to friends, Tonny jumped to the top of a car, as he had done a hundred times before. This time, though, Tonny lost his balance (平衡). His head struck the ground, hard. All night, Elizabeth, Tonny’s mother, stood next to her son, who was lying in a hospital bed. She remembered that Tonny has once mentioned organ (器官) donation (捐献). Maybe I can spare another family this pain, she thought. When the time came, she and her husband Tom signed the forms permitting his organs to be taken out. Tonny was declared dead the next day. Twenty-four hours later, in a Boston hospital, Tonny’s liver (肝脏) was made part of my husband, Doug, who was suffering from a hopeless liver disease. Months later, we learned the Tonny’s parents wished to meet someone who had gained life through the gift from their son. A meeting was arranged by the organ bank to bring together the two families. The meeting was risky, but worth it. We learned for the first time how Tonny had lived and died. We learned something about Tom and Elizabeth too. For the Homes, seeing Doug and knowing he was well seemed to ease (减轻) their suffering. I’ll never forget seeing Doug’s tall figure stooped (弯腰) over Elizabeth, her arms around his waist, as a mother would hug (拥抱) a son. We learn from the passage that Tonny died ______.
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In ancient (古老的) times the most important examinations were spoken instead of written. In the schools of ancient Greece and Rome, testing usually includes saying poetry aloud or giving speeches. In the European universities of the Middle Ages, those students who were working for advanced degrees had to discuss questions in their field of study with people who had made a special study of the subject. This custom exists today as part of the process (过程) of testing candidates (考生) for the doctor’s degree. Generally, however, modem examinations are written. The written examination, where all students are tested on the same question, was probably not known until the nineteenth century. Perhaps it came into existence with the great increase in population and the development of modem industry. A room full of candidates for a state examination, timed exactly by electric clocks and carefully watched over by managers, resembles (类似) a group of workers at an automobile factory. Generally, during examinations teachers and students are expected to act like machines. One type of test is sometimes called an "objective" (客观的) test. It is designed to do with facts, not personal opinions. To make up an objective test the teacher writes a series of (一系列的) questions, each of which has only one correct answer. Along with each question the teacher writes the correct answer and also three statements that look like correct answers to students who have not learned the material properly. The main idea of paragraph 3 is that ______.
In ancient (古老的) times the most important examinations were spoken instead of written. In the schools of ancient Greece and Rome, testing usually includes saying poetry aloud or giving speeches. In the European universities of the Middle Ages, those students who were working for advanced degrees had to discuss questions in their field of study with people who had made a special study of the subject. This custom exists today as part of the process (过程) of testing candidates (考生) for the doctor’s degree. Generally, however, modem examinations are written. The written examination, where all students are tested on the same question, was probably not known until the nineteenth century. Perhaps it came into existence with the great increase in population and the development of modem industry. A room full of candidates for a state examination, timed exactly by electric clocks and carefully watched over by managers, resembles (类似) a group of workers at an automobile factory. Generally, during examinations teachers and students are expected to act like machines. One type of test is sometimes called an "objective" (客观的) test. It is designed to do with facts, not personal opinions. To make up an objective test the teacher writes a series of (一系列的) questions, each of which has only one correct answer. Along with each question the teacher writes the correct answer and also three statements that look like correct answers to students who have not learned the material properly. It may be concluded that testing ______.
This year, my husband Doug and I celebrated the 25th birthday of a man we had never met. His name was Tonny Horn. On the night of October 21, 2005, when he was standing in a parking lot (停车场) talking to friends, Tonny jumped to the top of a car, as he had done a hundred times before. This time, though, Tonny lost his balance (平衡). His head struck the ground, hard. All night, Elizabeth, Tonny’s mother, stood next to her son, who was lying in a hospital bed. She remembered that Tonny has once mentioned organ (器官) donation (捐献). Maybe I can spare another family this pain, she thought. When the time came, she and her husband Tom signed the forms permitting his organs to be taken out. Tonny was declared dead the next day. Twenty-four hours later, in a Boston hospital, Tonny’s liver (肝脏) was made part of my husband, Doug, who was suffering from a hopeless liver disease. Months later, we learned the Tonny’s parents wished to meet someone who had gained life through the gift from their son. A meeting was arranged by the organ bank to bring together the two families. The meeting was risky, but worth it. We learned for the first time how Tonny had lived and died. We learned something about Tom and Elizabeth too. For the Homes, seeing Doug and knowing he was well seemed to ease (减轻) their suffering. I’ll never forget seeing Doug’s tall figure stooped (弯腰) over Elizabeth, her arms around his waist, as a mother would hug (拥抱) a son. Tonny’s parents decided to donate Tonny’s organs because ______.
Animals can move from place to place, but plants cannot. When an animal is attacked, it can run away or fight back. Plants, however, certainly cannot run away, and they lack teeth and claws (爪子). But plants can defend themselves by using both physical and chemical means (方法). Some plants have their own ways to keep animals away. For example, the leaves of the holly (冬青树) plant have sharp spines (刺) that discourage grass-eating animals. Holly leaves on lower branches have more spines than leaves on upper branches, which is because the lower leaves are easier for most animals to reach. Some plants, such as the oak tree (橡树), have thick and hard leaves that are difficult for animals to eat. Some grasses may contain a sandy material; eating such grasses wears down the animal’s teeth. Many plants also have chemical defenses. Some plants produce chemicals that taste bitter or cause an unpleasant reaction. Some plants may fight against an attack by increasing the production of these chemicals. When a caterpillar (毛虫) bites a tobacco leaf, the leaf produces a chemical messenger. This messenger sends to the roots the information to produce more nicotine (尼古丁). The higher levels of nicotine discourage the caterpillar. Many plants depend on both physical and chemical defenses. A certain plant in China, for instance, has prickly (多刺的) leaves, and each prickle contains poisonous venom (毒液). A single experience with this kind of plant will teach an animal to stay away from it in the future. In order to defend themselves, oak trees use ______.
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