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Children are spending an increasing amount of time using computers. Computers are now found in most classrooms, and in the majority of homes, almost always with internet access. However, many studies of children"s use of computers show that there are possible negative effects. This essay will explain the possible negative effects of computer use on children, focusing on the effects on family and peer relationships and the increased tendency towards violent behavior. Computer use may negatively affect social relationship between children and their parents. Because children spend so much time on computers, they often know more about advanced computer use than their parents. According to Subrahmanvam and his colleagues(2001)this often leads to a role reversal, where the child becomes a teacher to the parent. In other words, it is often the case a highly computer technology. This can lead to a reduction in parental authority. Moreover, with the anonymity of online communication, computer users do not know if they are talking to a child or an adult, so all users are treated equally(Subrahmanyam et al, 2001). Children may then expect the same equality in real life, further contributing to a breakdown in the parent-children relationship(Subrahmanyam et al, 2001). Children"s peer relationships can also be negatively affected by extensive computer use. Since computers are more likely to be used in isolation by children, they spend little time integrating with their peers(Shields & Behrman, 2001). As a result, children may not develop the social skills they need, or be able to maintain friendships in the real world(Subrahmanyam et al, 2001). With the very extended computer use, this isolation from the real world can lead to loneliness and even depression(Shields & Behrman, 2001). A disturbing possible effect of computer use on children is the link between computer games and violence. Current research has already documented a strong link between violent films and television and aggressive behavior in children, so it is reasonable to believe that a similar link will be found between violent behavior in children and violence in computer games(Subrahmanyam et al, 2001). However, as Shields Behrman(2001)points out, it is important to note that although the games may affect all children, children who prefer violent games could be most affected. In conclusion, using a computer. particularly for extended periods, may affect the parent-children relationship in families. It could also result in children not learning the social skills they need to interact with peers and maintain friendships. Moreover, it seems likely that playing violent computer games is linked to violence in children. Although the research is not conclusive, it appears that extended use of computers could have a negative effect on children"s social development. From the very beginning, the author is trying to draw our attention to______.
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Here"s yet another to lose weight. Heavier people are more likely to be killed or seriously injured in car accidents than lighter people. That could mean car designers will have to build in new safety features to compensate for the extra hazards facing overweight passengers. In the US, car manufacturers have already had to redesign air bags so they inflate to lower pressures making them less of a danger to smaller women and children. But no one yet knows what it is that puts overweight passengers at extra risk. A study carried out in Seattle, Washington, looked at more than 26,000 people who had been involved in car crashes, and found that heavier people were at far more risk. People weighing between 100 and 119 kilograms are almost two-and-a-half times as likely to die in a crash as people weighing less than 60 kilograms. And importantly, the same trend held up when the researchers looked at body mass index(BMI)— a measure that takes height as well as weight into account. Someone 1.8 meters tall weighing 126 kilograms would have a BMI of 39, but so would a person 1.5 meters tall weighing 88 kilograms. People are said to be obese if their BMI is 30 or over. The study found that people with a BMI of 35 to 39 are over twice as likely to die in a crash compared with people with BMIs of about 20. It"s not just total weight, but obesity that"s dangerous. While they do not yet know why this is the case, the evidence is worth pursuing, says Charles Mock, a surgeon and epidemiologist at the Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center in Seattle, who led the research team. He thinks one answer may be for safety authorities to use — heavier crash-test dummies when certifying cars are safe to drive. Crash tests normally use dummies that represent standard-sized males weighing about 78 kilograms. Recently, smaller crash-test dummies have also been used to represent children inside crashing cars. But larger and heavier dummies aren"t used, the US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration in Washington, D.C. told New Scientist. The reasons for the higher injury and death rates are far from clear. Mock speculates that car interiors might not be suitably designed for heavy people. Or obese people, with health problems such as high blood pressure or diabetes, could be finding it tougher to recover from injury. Which of the following questions is closely related to the passage
Here"s yet another to lose weight. Heavier people are more likely to be killed or seriously injured in car accidents than lighter people. That could mean car designers will have to build in new safety features to compensate for the extra hazards facing overweight passengers. In the US, car manufacturers have already had to redesign air bags so they inflate to lower pressures making them less of a danger to smaller women and children. But no one yet knows what it is that puts overweight passengers at extra risk. A study carried out in Seattle, Washington, looked at more than 26,000 people who had been involved in car crashes, and found that heavier people were at far more risk. People weighing between 100 and 119 kilograms are almost two-and-a-half times as likely to die in a crash as people weighing less than 60 kilograms. And importantly, the same trend held up when the researchers looked at body mass index(BMI)— a measure that takes height as well as weight into account. Someone 1.8 meters tall weighing 126 kilograms would have a BMI of 39, but so would a person 1.5 meters tall weighing 88 kilograms. People are said to be obese if their BMI is 30 or over. The study found that people with a BMI of 35 to 39 are over twice as likely to die in a crash compared with people with BMIs of about 20. It"s not just total weight, but obesity that"s dangerous. While they do not yet know why this is the case, the evidence is worth pursuing, says Charles Mock, a surgeon and epidemiologist at the Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center in Seattle, who led the research team. He thinks one answer may be for safety authorities to use — heavier crash-test dummies when certifying cars are safe to drive. Crash tests normally use dummies that represent standard-sized males weighing about 78 kilograms. Recently, smaller crash-test dummies have also been used to represent children inside crashing cars. But larger and heavier dummies aren"t used, the US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration in Washington, D.C. told New Scientist. The reasons for the higher injury and death rates are far from clear. Mock speculates that car interiors might not be suitably designed for heavy people. Or obese people, with health problems such as high blood pressure or diabetes, could be finding it tougher to recover from injury. While exploring the reason for the higher injury and death rates, Mock would most probably say that______.
Whenever people go and live in another country they have new experiences and new feelings. They experience culture shock. Many people have a(n) 【C1】______about culture shock they think that it"s just a feeling of sadness and homesickness when a person is in a new country. But this isn"t really true. Culture shock is a completely natural【C2】______. and everybody goes【C3】______it in a new culture. There are four stages, or steps, in culture shock. When people first arrive in a new country they"re usually excited and【C4】______Everything is interesting. They notice that a lot of things are【C5】______their own culture and this surprises them and makes them happy. This is Stage One In Stage Two people notice how different the new culture is from their own culture. They become confused It seems difficult to do even very simple things. They feel【C6】______They spend a lot of time【C7】______or with other people from their own country. They think "My problems are all because I"m living in this country" Then in Stage Three they begin to understand the new culture better They begin to like some new customs. They【C8】______some people in the new country. They"re【C9】______comfortable and relaxed. In Stage Four they feel very comfortable. They have good friends in the new culture. They understand the new customs. Some customs are similar to their culture and some are different but that"s OK. They can【C10】______it. 【C4】
Patients can recall what they hear while under general anesthetic even if they don"t wake up, concludes a new study. Several studies over the past three decades have reported that people can retain conscious or subconscious memories of thoughts that happened while they were being operated on. But failure by other researchers to confirm such findings has led skeptics to speculate that the patients who remembered these events might briefly have regained consciousness in the course of operations. Gitta Lubke, Peter Sebel and colleagues at Emory University in Atlanta measured the depth of anesthesia using bispectral analysis, a technique which measures changes in brainwave pattern in the frontal lobes moment by moment during surgery. "Before this study researchers only took an average measurement over the whole operation," says Lubke. Lubke studied 96 trauma patients undergoing emergency surgery. Many of whom were too seriously injured to tolerance full anesthesia. During surgery each patient wore headphones through which a series of 16 words was repeated for 3 minutes each. At the same time bisecteal analysis recorded the depth of anesthesia. After the operation Lubke tested the patients by showing them the first three letters of a word such as "limit", and asking them to complete. Patients who had had a word starting with these letters played during surgery — "limit", for example — chose that word an average of 11 per cent more often than patients who had been played a different word list. None of the patients had any conscious memory of hearing the word lists. Unconscious priming was strongest for words played when patients were most lightly anaesthetized. But it was statistically significant even when patients were fully anaesthetized when the word was played. This finding which will be published in the journal Anesthesiology could mean that operating theatre staff should be more discreet. "What they say during surgery may distress patient afterwards," says Philip Merikle, a psychologist at the University of Waterloo, Ontario. To test the patients the scientists______.
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