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An Observation and an Explanation It is worth looking at one or two aspects of the way a mother behaves towards her baby. The usual fondling, cuddling and cleaning requite little comment, but the position in which she holds the baby against her body when resting is rather revealing. Careful studies have shown the fact that 80 percent of mothers hold their infants in their left arms, holding them against the left side of their bodies. If asked to explain the significance of this preference most people reply that it is obviously the result of the predominance of right-handedness in the population. By holding the babies in their left arms, the mothers keep their dominant arm free for manipulations. But a detailed analysis shows that this is not the case. True, there is a slight difference between right-handed and left-handed females; but not enough to provide adequate explanation. It emerges that 83 percent of right-handed mothers hold the baby on the left side, but so do 78 percent of left-handed mothers. In other words, only 22 percent of the left-handed mothers have their dominant hands free for actions. Clearly there must be some other, less obvious explanation. The only other clue comes from the fact that the heart is on the side of the mother’s body. Could it be that the sound of her heartbeat is the vital factor And in what way Thinking along these lines it was argued that perhaps during its existence inside the body of the mother the unborn baby get used to the sound of the heart beat. If this is so, then the re-discovery of this familiar sound after birth might have a claiming effect on the infant, especially as it has just been born into a strange and frighteningly new world; if this is so, then the mother would, somehow, soon arrive at the discovery that her baby is more at peace if held on the left against her heart than on the right. The writer’s explanation of the phenomenon is supported by the fact that babies tend to be more peaceful if held in their mother’s left arms than in the right arms.
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Road Trip Vacations It’s summer. In the United States, it’s the season of swimming pools, barbeques, camping and road trips. Road trip vacations where the car journey is part of the fun are especially popular with college students, who like to explore the country on wheels. These budget trips are ideal for students who often have plenty of free time but little money. "Ever since I went to college, I’ve been traveling around a lot, exploring the country," said Austin Hawkins, a 19-year-old college student from New York. This summer, Hawkins and his friends have spent weekends traveling in New England. "The best part about car trips", said Hawkins, "is that you can be spontaneous. On a road trip, if you get interested in things you see along the way you can stop and explore." Matt Roberts, a 20-year-old student from Ohio who drove to Montreal, Canada, agrees. "With road trips you don’t have to plan in advance, you can just get into a car and drive." Even with high gas prices, driving with friends is cheaper than flying. Roberts paid about 40 dollars for gas, but a round trip plane ticket would have cost nearly 400 dollars. Driving trips first became popular in the 1920s. Newly paved roads and improved cars made it possible to travel longer distances. Motels started appearing outside cities. By the 1950s, car ownership became the norm. Construction of the U. S. interstate highway system began in 1956 and motel and restaurant chains popped up everywhere making long distance trips easier. Today, the U.S. has the highest car ownership rate in the world. Only 8 percent of American homes have no car, according to the most recent U. S. census. Though many college students don’t own a car, most have access to one. On many of Hawkins’ trips, they used a borrowed van. Hawkins’ most memorable road trip took place over spring break. He and two friends drove from New York to New Orleans to volunteer, helping rebuild the city after Hurricane Katrina hit it last July. They crossed the country in two days and slept in their car in church parking lots. Roberts’ road trip to Canada last winter was even more eventful. Upon arriving in Montreal, they were lost in a blizzard and shivering in the —25~cold. To find their hotel, they turned on a laptop and drove around in circles until they found a spot with wireless Internet coverage. "I know we should have planned better, but we’re young. Now, when I see those guys I always say: ’Remember when we were lost in the snow storm!’ I’ll never forget that." The word "blizzard" in Paragraph 12 can be replaced by ______.
A Gay BiologistMolecular biologist Dean Hamer has blue eyes, light brown hair and a good sense of humor. He smokes cigarettes, spends long hours in an old laboratory at the US National Institute of Health, and in his free time climbs up cliffs and points his skis down steep slopes. He also happens to be openly, matter-of-factly gay. What is it that makes Hamer who he is What, for that matter, accounts for the talents and traits that make up anyone’s personality Hamer is not content merely to ask such questions: he is trying to answer them as well. A pioneer in the field of molecular psychology, Hamer is exploring the role of genes in governing the very core of our individuality. To a remarkable extent, his work on what might be called the gay, thrill-seeking and quit-smoking genes reflects how own genetic predispositions. That work, which has appeared mostly in scientific journals, has been gathered into an accessible and quite readable form in Hamer’s creative new book, Living with Our Genes. "You have about as much choice in some aspect of your personality," Hamer and co-author Peter Copeland write in the introductory chapter, "as you do in the shape of your nose or the size of your feet". Until recently, research into behavioral genetics was dominated by psychiatrists and psychologists, who based their most compelling conclusions about the importance of genes on studies of identical twins. For example, psychologist Michael Bailey of Northwestern University famously demonstrated that if one identical twin is gay, there is about a 50% likelihood that the other will be too. Seven years ago, Hamer picked up where the twin studies left off, homing in on specific strips of DNA that appear to influence everything from mood to sexual orientation. Hamer switched to behavioral genetics from basic research, after receiving his doctorate from Harvard, he spent more than a decade studying the biochemistry of a protein that cells use to metabolize heavy metals like copper and zinc. As he was about to turn 40, however, Hamer suddenly realized he had learned as much about the protein as he cared to. "Frankly, I was bored," he remembers, "and ready for something new." Homosexual behavior, in particular, seemed ripe for exploration because few scientists had dared tackle such an emotionally and politically charged subject. "I’m a gay," Hamer says with a shrug, "but that was not a major motivation. It was more of a question of intellectual curiosity—and the fact that no one else was doing this sort of research." According to Hamer, what was one of the main reasons for him to choose homosexual behavior as his research subject
Happy Marriage, Happy Heart Happily married people have lower blood pressure 1 unhappily married people or singles, a Brigham Young University study says. On the other hand, even having a supportive social network did not translate into a blood pressure benefit for singles or unhappily 2 people, according to the study. "There seem to be some unique health benefits from marriage. It’s not just being married 3 benefits health—what’s really the most protective of health is having a happy 4 ." study author Julianne Holt-Lunstad, a psychologist who specializes in relationships and health, said in a prepared statement. The study included 204 married and 99 5 adults who wore portable blood-pressure monitors for 24 hours. The 6 recorded blood pressure at random intervals and provided a total of about 72 readings. "We wanted to capture participants’ blood pressure doing whatever they normally 7 in everyday life. Getting one or two readings in a clinic is not really 8 of the fluctuations that occur throughout the day," Holt-Lunstad said. Overall, happily married people scored four points 9 on the blood pressure readings than single adults. The study also found that blood 10 among married people—especially those in happy marriages 11 more during sleep than in single people. "Research has shown that people whose blood pressure remains high throughout the night are at 12 greater risk of heart disease than people whose blood pressure drops," Holt-Lunstad said. The study was published in the March 20 13 of the journal Annals of Behavioral Medicine. The study also found that unhappily married adults have higher blood pressure than 14 happily married and single adults. Holt-Lunstad noted that married couples can encourage healthy habits in one 15 such as eating a healthy diet and having regular doctor visits. People in happy marriages also have a source of emotional support, she said.
An Observation and an Explanation It is worth looking at one or two aspects of the way a mother behaves towards her baby. The usual fondling, cuddling and cleaning requite little comment, but the position in which she holds the baby against her body when resting is rather revealing. Careful studies have shown the fact that 80 percent of mothers hold their infants in their left arms, holding them against the left side of their bodies. If asked to explain the significance of this preference most people reply that it is obviously the result of the predominance of right-handedness in the population. By holding the babies in their left arms, the mothers keep their dominant arm free for manipulations. But a detailed analysis shows that this is not the case. True, there is a slight difference between right-handed and left-handed females; but not enough to provide adequate explanation. It emerges that 83 percent of right-handed mothers hold the baby on the left side, but so do 78 percent of left-handed mothers. In other words, only 22 percent of the left-handed mothers have their dominant hands free for actions. Clearly there must be some other, less obvious explanation. The only other clue comes from the fact that the heart is on the side of the mother’s body. Could it be that the sound of her heartbeat is the vital factor And in what way Thinking along these lines it was argued that perhaps during its existence inside the body of the mother the unborn baby get used to the sound of the heart beat. If this is so, then the re-discovery of this familiar sound after birth might have a claiming effect on the infant, especially as it has just been born into a strange and frighteningly new world; if this is so, then the mother would, somehow, soon arrive at the discovery that her baby is more at peace if held on the left against her heart than on the right. A baby held in the right arm of its mother can be easily frightened.
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