题目内容
某城市给水工程项目通过招标确定由本市一家具有承担该工程项目资质的施工企业A承担施工任务。 施工企业A的项目经理依据合同有关条款，对该工程项目编制了施工项目质量计划，并严格按照有关标准对施工项目的质量进行控制，该工程在竣工验收时，达到了优良工程。 给水排水管道施工中，无压管道的沟槽应在( )后及时回填。
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Questions 11 to 18 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
某施工单位中标承包了某城市排水工程。该承包单位对该城市排水工程的管道顶进采用普通顶管法施工，在施工过程中的部分工作方法和施工工艺是： (1)为了便于工作坑内材料和机械的垂直运输，在顶管现场设置吊装设备； (2)采用手掘式顶管时，工具管接触或切入土层后，自上而下分层开挖； (3)全段顶完后，在每个管接口处测量其轴线其轴线位置和高程； (4)在顶进过程中，以高压泵向管外壁与土层之间注入触变泥浆，以减少阻力。 工作坑是顶管施工的工作场所，单向顶进时，其位置应( )以利排水。
"It is difficult not to hear in Standard English always the sound of slaughter and conquest" (Hooks, 1994). Learning one language means acquiring its culture because one cannot be separated from the other. This gain is accompanied by the inevitable transformation or loss of certain aspects of the first language and culture. The fear for many, therefore, is that teaching one common language will create a common world culture, but at the expense of the other cultures worldwide. This loss of culture will ultimately lead to a loss of the many different identities creating a clone (克隆) of the more dominant identity of the English Speaking World. The individuals’’ cultural identity will disintegrate (碎裂、分解), leading to a suppressed identity especially if the first language and culture are considered deficient compared to the learned language and culture of English. So compared to the native speaker of the English, individuals will consider themselves inferior, and this feeling of inferiority is intensified because of the native speaker’’s feeling of superiority. At the same time, those learning and using the language of power (in this case English) become part of an elitist (精英) group, who by virtue of position or education exercise power or influence over others in their group who have not learned English. Thus because of the assumption that the knowledge of English is related to intellectual and social superiority, the English speaking group ends up with power and influence over the non-English speakers. A linguistic hierarchy of power is created with the native English speaker on top, followed by the non-native speaker of English, leaving the non-English speaker at the bottom. In this context, Phillipson proposes the term of English Linguistic Imperialism. Linguistic Imperialism is maintained due to the elitism (精英主义) which becomes entrenched ( 确立的) in society when the dominance of one language becomes an accepted norm, and the speakers of that language are assumed to have intellectual and social superiority that ensures their power and influence over others. Elitism can be traced to the French word élite, which means selection or choice, and in the case of linguistic elitism the act of selection or choice is done by the native speakers of the language as well as the non-native speakers. The non-native speakers of the language (English), especially those who never acquire native fluency, are assumed by their peers (同辈、同等人) as well as by the native speakers as being intellectually deficient in some way. The manifestations of this elitist attitude toward the English language are prevalent (盛行的) in all aspects of life from educational institutions to businesses and social situations. The international prevalence of this attitude can be found in English speaking countries like the US and UK, where there is a large immigrant population that speaks English as a second language, and in Pakistan and India, where English is the national language, but is not the first language of the majority. What does the author imply with the citation at the beginning
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