题目内容
Reading involves looking at graphic symbols and formulating mentally the sounds and ideas they represent. Concepts of reading have changed (67) over the centuries. During the 1950’s and 1960’s especially, increased attention has been (68) to defining and describing the reading process. Although specialists agree that reading (69) a complex organization of higher mental (70) , they disagree on the exact nature of the (71) Some experts, who regard language (72) as a code using symbols to represent sounds, (73) reading as simply the decoding of symbols into the sounds they stand (74) . These authorities (75) that meaning, being concerned with thinking, must be taught independently of the decoding process. Others maintain that reading is inexplicably (无法解释地) (76) to thinking, and that a child who pronounces sounds without (77) their meaning is not truly reading. The reader, (78) some, is not just a person with a theoretical ability to read but one who (79) reads. Many adults, although they have the ability to read, have never read a book in its (80) . By some expert they would not be (81) as readers. Clearly, the philosophy, objectives, methods and materials of reading will depend on the definition one uses. By the most (82) and satisfactory definition, reading is the ability to (83) the sound-symbols code of the language, to interpret meaning for various (84) , at various rates, and at various levels of difficulty, and to do (85) widely and enthusiastically. In short reading is the interpretation of ideas through the use of symbols (86) sounds and ideas.
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Reading involves looking at graphic symbols and formulating mentally the sounds and ideas they represent. Concepts of reading have changed (67) over the centuries. During the 1950’s and 1960’s especially, increased attention has been (68) to defining and describing the reading process. Although specialists agree that reading (69) a complex organization of higher mental (70) , they disagree on the exact nature of the (71) Some experts, who regard language (72) as a code using symbols to represent sounds, (73) reading as simply the decoding of symbols into the sounds they stand (74) . These authorities (75) that meaning, being concerned with thinking, must be taught independently of the decoding process. Others maintain that reading is inexplicably (无法解释地) (76) to thinking, and that a child who pronounces sounds without (77) their meaning is not truly reading. The reader, (78) some, is not just a person with a theoretical ability to read but one who (79) reads. Many adults, although they have the ability to read, have never read a book in its (80) . By some expert they would not be (81) as readers. Clearly, the philosophy, objectives, methods and materials of reading will depend on the definition one uses. By the most (82) and satisfactory definition, reading is the ability to (83) the sound-symbols code of the language, to interpret meaning for various (84) , at various rates, and at various levels of difficulty, and to do (85) widely and enthusiastically. In short reading is the interpretation of ideas through the use of symbols (86) sounds and ideas.
Questions 62 to 66 are based on the following passage. How old is "old" The answer has changed over the years. Two hundred years ago, you were old at 35. That was the average life expectancy then. At the turn of the 19th century, as medical knowledge advanced, the average life expectancy increased to 45. In 1950, 70-year-olds were really old. Today, a healthy 70-year-old is looking forward to many more active years. So, how old is old The answer is one you’ve heard many times, from all sorts of people. "You are as old ( or young) as you feel. " The calendar simply tells you how many years you have lived. Your body tells you how well you’ve lived. "Youth", wrote an unknown author, "is not a time of life--it is a state of mind. Nobody grows old by living a number of years; people grow old by deserting (抛弃) their ideals. " Old is a point of view. Alice Brophy, when she was with the New York City Commission for the Aging, said, "It annoys me when people say, ’Gee, you look young for your age. ’ What does that mean Is there some model that you’re supposed to look a certain way at 65 and 75 and 85 You know, you can die old at 30 and live young at 80. " It is often believed that most older people are in poor health. But the fact is that there are neither biological nor physiological (生理学的) reasons to connect poor health with growing older. Older people are more likely to be affected with illness and physical disabilities than you are, but old age itself is not a disease. It’s possible to remain physically fit throughout your life. By saying "you can die old at 30 and live young at 80", Mice Brophy means that ______.
Reading involves looking at graphic symbols and formulating mentally the sounds and ideas they represent. Concepts of reading have changed (67) over the centuries. During the 1950’s and 1960’s especially, increased attention has been (68) to defining and describing the reading process. Although specialists agree that reading (69) a complex organization of higher mental (70) , they disagree on the exact nature of the (71) Some experts, who regard language (72) as a code using symbols to represent sounds, (73) reading as simply the decoding of symbols into the sounds they stand (74) . These authorities (75) that meaning, being concerned with thinking, must be taught independently of the decoding process. Others maintain that reading is inexplicably (无法解释地) (76) to thinking, and that a child who pronounces sounds without (77) their meaning is not truly reading. The reader, (78) some, is not just a person with a theoretical ability to read but one who (79) reads. Many adults, although they have the ability to read, have never read a book in its (80) . By some expert they would not be (81) as readers. Clearly, the philosophy, objectives, methods and materials of reading will depend on the definition one uses. By the most (82) and satisfactory definition, reading is the ability to (83) the sound-symbols code of the language, to interpret meaning for various (84) , at various rates, and at various levels of difficulty, and to do (85) widely and enthusiastically. In short reading is the interpretation of ideas through the use of symbols (86) sounds and ideas.
The Sixth Sense When you were a child, did you ever wonder how your mother knew when you were writing on the wall with crayons (蜡笔), even though she couldn’t possibly see or hear you ... Or why she always came outside and called you just as you headed for forbidden territory How did she know If you asked her, she probably told you that it was her "mother’s intuition". That never really explained anything, but it gave you something to think about. Just exactly what is a mother’s intuition Unfortunately, not even mothers who profess to having it can explain exactly what it is. Some would say it was a "sixth sense" or a funny feeling that prompted them to check on their children’s whereabouts and activities. Others have claimed to hear a voice inside their heads that called their children’s names or had a "flash vision" of what their children were doing. In any event, almost every mother seems to have it and will swear by its reliability. A typical example of this ability is the case of a woman who claims that her intuition prevented each of her five children from serious mishaps. Once she awoke in the middle of the night and felt the need to check on her son Paul, who was three years old at the time. He wasn’t in his bed, so she raced down the stairs to fend him. She found him outside, sleepwalking, headed straight toward a flight of concrete steps. Then again, there was a time when one of her daughters fell off a horse and broke her arm. The child neither cried nor yelled for help. But the mother, sensing that something was wrong, came out of the house and found her in a field just minutes after the accident. How did she know "Just a feeling," she said, "that something was wrong. " The concept that people are capable of having a sixth sense is not a new one. Numerous studies of ESP ( extra sensory perception ) have been under way for decades. What they have revealed only supports the theory that people are capable of having and using another sense beyond sight, sound, smell, taste and touch. But no single group of people seems to have this ability as consistently as mothers do. Why is this Some theorize that the close and intimate relationship that mother and child have for the first years of a child’s life sets up an empathy (感情移入) that no other relationship could possibly duplicate. In other words, a mother "tunes in" to the thoughts and behavior of her child more than any other person could. Therefore, even though she may be preoccupied with household chores or social activities, a part of her is constantly alert for her child’s safety. Not an unreasonable theory--since most of us are the product of our mothers’ devotion. But how does this explain why a mother will know that her child is in danger, even though the child itself may not be aware of it This is the question which has kept mother’s intuition a mystery. Something beyond that which we can logically explain somehow seems to warn a mother when her child approaches danger. An interesting illustration of this sixth sense involves the famous escape artist, Houdini. As the story goes, Houdini was planning to perform an escape from a steel trunk wrapped in chains and dropped into a frozen river. Because the river was so cold, he’d only have a few minutes to escape in order to survive. They wrapped Houdini in a straight jacket, locked him into the trunk, secured the chains, and then dropped him into the river through a hole cut into the ice. Minutes passed and Houdini did not appear. When enough time had passed to make it apparent that Houdini’s escape had failed, the grief-stricken party left the scene and reported that Houdini had died. One friend remained at the hole in the ice, not yet convinced that Houdini had drowned. To his utter amazement, Houdini did indeed surface at the spot. When the half-frozen artist had recovered enough, he told his friend that he had not accounted for the current of the river under the ice. The river had carried the trunk downstream and when he got out of the trunk, he couldn’t find the hole cut into the ice. He managed to get oxygen from air pockets caught between the ice and the water, but he had no way of finding the hole through the thick ice. Then he heard his mother’s voice calling him. He followed her voice, and it led him to the hole in the ice where his friend was waiting. This was amazing, first, because his mother lived in another city and was nowhere near the scene of the frozen river. But more amazing than that was the fact that, when Houdini tried to call his mother, he was informed that she had died just hours before. What had told Houdini’s mother that he was in danger--even beyond the grave How had she been able to protect her child in spite of the fact that she was no longer living Someday, perhaps, we will know. Someday we may understand the kind of communication that exists between mother and child and be able to expand on that knowledge to a better form of communication in all relationships. There is no doubt that such a thing as a mother’s intuition exists. And the fact of its existence may be an indication that all of us are capable of having another instinct--a sixth sense. In the future, we may be able to expand on our knowledge of the kind of communication between mothers and children to ______.
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