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给出数据流图的定义，并举例说明数据的四个基本构成成份。
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案例分析题Robots1 The most sophisticated(先进的)Japanese robots, which have vision systems and work at very high speeds, are still based on American designs. Studies of robots, particularly computer control software, are considered to be generally less advanced in Japan than in America or Europe.2 Although industrial robots were originally developed as devices for simply handling objects, today their commonest uses are for more skilled work like welding(焊接)，spray-painting and assembling components.3 In Britain robot sales appropriately peaked in 1984, but have been declining ever since. This is partly because British wage rates are too low to make robots financially attractive and partly because engineers now have more experience with robots and are more aware of the difficulties of introducing them effectively.4 It has been calculated that a robot uses on average about 100 times more energy than a human to do an equivalent job.5 It is estimated that 20% of all comic book heroes in Japan are robots. This is an enormous number because comics are so popular that they make up a third of all material published in Japan.6 The reliability of robots is measured in their M.T.B.F.or mean time between failures. This has risen form about 250 hours in the mid-1970s to about 10,000 hours today (equivalent to working 18 hours a day for two years). One way robot manufactures have increased reliability is to test every single component they buy, instead of the normal procedure of just testing a small sample.7 The biggest single benefit of introducing robots claimed by Japanese companies is that they increase quality control. One programmed, the robots can work more accurately and consistently than humans, who can get tired and bored. Paragraph 5（）
案例分析题New Foods and the New WorldIn the last 500 years, nothing about people---not their clothes, ideas, or languages-has changed as much as what they eat. The original chocolate drink was made from the seeds of the cocoa tree（可可树）by South American Indians. The Spanish introduced it to the rest of the world during the 1500’s. And although it was very expensive, it quickly became fashionable. In London, shops where chocolate drinks were served became important meeting places. Some still exist today.The potato is also from the New World. Around 1600, the Spanish brought it from Peru to Europe, where it soon was widely grown. Ireland became so dependent on it that thousands of Irish people starved when the crop failed during the "Potato Famine(饥荒)"of 1845-1846, and thousands more were forced to leave their homeland and move to America.There are many other foods that have traveled from South America to the Old World. But some others went in the opposite direction. Brazil is now the world’s largest grower of coffee, and coffee is an important crop in Colombia and other South American countries. But it is native to Ethiopia, a country in Africa. It was first made into a drink by Arabs during the 1400’s.According to an Arabic legend, coffee was discovered when a person named Kaldi noticed that his goats were attracted to the red berries on a coffee bush. He tried one and experienced the "wide-awake" feeling that one-third of the world’s population now starts the day with. According to the passage, which of the following has changed the most in the last 500 years（）
案例分析题Up in SmokeI began to smoke when I was in high school. In fact, I remember the evening I was at a girlfriend’s house, and we were watching a movie-a terribly romantic movie. He (the hero of the movie) was in love, she (his lady) was beautiful, and they were both smoking. My friend had only two cigarettes from a pack in her mother’s purse, and she gave one to me. It was my first time.My parents didn’t care much. They both smoked, and my older brother did too. My mother told me that smokers don’t grow tall, but I was already5’6"(taller than most of the boys in my class), so I was happy to hear that "fact". In school, the teachers talked against smoking, but the cigarette advertisements were so exciting. The men in the ads were so good-looking and so successful, and the women were-well, they were beautiful and sophisticated(老于世故的).I read a book called how to stop smoking. The writer said that smoking wastes time, and that cigarettes cost a lot of money. "So what" I thought, the book didn’t say that smoking can take away years of your life. But ten years later, everyone began to hear about the negative effects of cigarette smoke: lung disease, cancer, and heart problems. After that, there was a health warning on every pack of cigarettes. I didn’t pay much attention to the reports and warnings. I felt healthy, and I thought I was taking good care of myself.Then two events changed my mind. First, I started to cough. I thought it was just a cold, but it didn’t get better. Second, my brother got lung cancer. He got sicker and sicker. My brother and I used to smoke cigarettes together over twenty years age, and we smoked our last cigarettes together the day before he died. I sat with him in his hospital room, and I decided to quit. "NO more cigarettes, ever," I said to myself.However, it was very hard to stop, Nicotine(尼古丁)is a drug; as a result, cigarettes cause a powerful addiction. I tried several times to quit on my own-without success. I made excuses. I told myself: Smoking helps me keep my figure-i.e. I don’t gain weight when I smoke. Smoking not only relaxes me but it also helps me think clearly. I’m a free, liberated woman. I can smoke when I want to.Finally, I ran out of excuses-I might say my excuses went up in smoke. I joined the "Stop Smoking" program at the local hospital, which also ended up in failure. The book called How to Stop Smoking（）
在系列机中发展一种新型号机器，为保证软件兼容性，你认为下列哪些设想是可行的，哪些是不可行的？ 将单核处理器改成同构双核处理器。（）
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