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Passage 16 Sports and games make our bodies strong, prevent us from getting too fat, and keep us healthy. But these are not their only use. They give us valuable practice in making eyes, brain and muscles work together. In tennis, our eyes see the ball coming, judge its speed and direction and pass this information on to the brain~ The brain then has to decide what to do, and to send its orders to the muscles of the arms, legs, and so on, so that the ball is met and hit back where it ought to go. All this must happen with very great speed, and only those who have had a lot of practice at tennis can carry out this complicated chain of events successfully. For those who work with their brains most of the day, the practice of such skills is especially useful. Sports and games are also very useful for character-training. In their lessons at school, boys and girls may learn about such virtues as unselfishness, courage, discipline and love of one’s country; but what is learned in books cannot have the same deep effect on a child’s character as what is learned by experience~ The ordinary day-school cannot give much practical training in living, because most of the pupils’ time is spent in classrooms, studying lessons. So it is what the pupils do in their spare time that really prepares them to take their place in society as citizens when they grow up. (16) If each of them learns to work for his team and not for himself on the football field, he will later find it natural to work for the good of his country instead of only for his own benefit. What is of the greatest importance to a football team is______.
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Passage 27 Thousands of years before Columbus came to the New World, the American Indians entered North America by crossing a narrow strip of land that once connected Alaska and Siberia. The migrants entered a new world in which there were no people at all. But there were many animals to hunt, and there were forests where nuts, roots and berries could be gathered. (27) When the Europeans came to the New World, the Indians, at first, taught the settlers how to plant corn, bake fish, make canoes and smoke tobacco. In return, the whites introduced horses, guns, gun-powder and alcohol. But at last, there were struggles for land, and the struggles could have only one result-war. When the wars were over, all Indians were moved to large tracts of land called reservations. Now, some of them, embittered by past mistreatment, are determined to preserve their tribal life; some wish to modernize the reservations. These alternatives, with many variations, are what most Indians have chosen-a future in modern technology and education, or the revival of ancient tradition and treaties. The Indians moved to a new world which was______.
Passage 32 How can a single postage stamp be worth $ 16,800 Any mistake made in the printing of a stamp raises its value to stamp collectors. A mistake on one inexpensive postage stamp has made the stamp worth a million and a half times its original value. The mistake was made more than a hundred years ago in the British colony of Mauritius, a small island in the Indian Ocean. In 1847, an order for stamps was sent to a London printer--Mauritius was to become the fourth country in the world to issue stamps. (32) Before the order was filled and delivered, a ball was planned at Mauritius’ Government House, and stamps were needed to send out the invitations. A local printer was instructed to copy the design for the stamps. He accidentally inscribed the words "Post Office" instead of "Post Paid" on the several hundred stamps that he printed. Today there are only 26 of these misprinted stamps left-fourteen One-Penny OrangeReds and twelve Two-penny Blues. Because of the Two-penny Blues’ rareness and age, collectors have paid as much as $ 16,800 for it. Implied but not stated:
Passage 21 Most people have had a dog or wanted one as their companion at some time in their lives. If you are thinking of buying a dog, however, you should first decide what sort of companion you need and whether the dog is likely to be happy in the surroundings you can provide. Specialists’ advice is useful to help you choose the most suitable kind of dog. But in part the decision depends on common sense. Different dogs were originally developed to perform specific tasks. So, if you want a dog to protect you or your house, for example, you should choose the one that has the right size and characteristics. (21) You must also be ready to devote a great deal of time to training the dog when it is young and give it the exercise it needs throughout its life, unless you live in the countryside and can let it run freely. Dogs are demanding pets. Cats love the house and so are satisfactory with their place where there is secure, but a dog is loyal to its master and consequently wants him to show proof of his affection. The best time to buy a baby dog is when it is between 6 and 8 weeks old so that it can transfer its love for its mother to its master. If baby dogs have not established a relationship with the human being until they are over three months old, their strong relationship will always be with dogs. They are likely to be too shy when they are brought out into the world to become good pets. Why is it advised to buy a baby dog under three months old
Passage 34 Americans and Arabs are different in their space habits. Arabs prefer close contact.Dr. Hall has explained that the Arabs belong to a touch culture and in conversation, they always envelop the other person. They hold his hand, look into his eyes, and bathe him in their breath. Dr. Hall’s interest in man’s use of space developed in the early nineteen fifties when he was Director of the Point Four training program at the Foreign Service Institute. In talking with Americans who had lived overseas, he found that many of them had been highly uncomfortable because of cultural differences. Such discomfort is usually referred to as culture shock. The problem is that, relatively speaking, Americans live in a non-contact culture. Partly, this is a product of our puritan heritage (清教徒文化遗产). Dr. Hall points out that we spend years teaching our children not to crowd in and lean on us. (34) And in situations where we ourselves are forced to stand close to another person on crowded subways, for example, we turn our eyes away, and if actual body contact is involved, tense the muscles on the contact side. Most of us feel very strongly that this is the only proper way to behave. When you line up to wait for your turn in the United States, you should______your front neighbor.
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