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TEXT E No one person has done more to shape modern sexual values in America and therefore the Western world —than Dr. Alfred Kinsey. The researcher’s ground-breaking 1949 study, "Sexual Behaviour in the Human Male", which followed by its companion work on females, tore aside the curtain of silence on sexuality and lifted the taboos on talking freely about what popular culture would previously only refer to as "makin’ whoopee". Kinsey’s research into what makes us tick in the bedroom not only laid the groundwork for the 1960s sexual revolution, but also did the same for much of the theory behind modern-day sex education. After Sigmund Freud made his career reminding us how repressed we were, Kinsey grabbed the baton and went on to show us what we could do about it. But now his post-war glory has faded and conservative critics point to AIDS, drugs and other social ills as natural products of 1960s counter-culture. Kinsey’s star is on the wane; indeed, new allegations, some of them partly justified, are not only casting doubt on his scientific methods, but asking whether the good doctor should have been thrown in jail as a child abuser. The anti-Kinsey ball started rolling in the 1980s when a researcher called Judith Reisman published a book, Kinsey, Sex and Fraud, questioning his methods, especially using a large number of convicts, and unconventional and promiscuous interviewees in his research, while claiming that his eventual findings on sexual nature were representative of average, heterosexual citizens. This theme was taken up late last year by the Family Research Council in Washington, possibly the United States’ most influential group lobbying for traditional, Christian family values. Kinsey is a natural target for the organisation, since it believes that the researcher’s aim was nothing less than the destruction of traditional moral values and the initiation of a new order of free-love. The council has just won a small victory. It recently produced a video and booklet asking serious questions about a section in Kinsey’s work in which he produced statistics on the rate of sexual climax for children as young as four months. While it now seems incredible that no one in 1949 bothered to ask how Kinsey could possibly know how young boys were reaching climax, the council finally did. The video demanded to know what experiments Kinsey did, whether they involved criminal abuse, and where those victims are now. Since Kinsey had long gone, it was left to the Kinsey Institute at Indiana University to speak on his behalf. Its director revealed a long-standing secrets no, the great man had not laid his hands on any youngsters, he said, all his information came from one single source: a paedophile who had had sex with over 300 boys. The admission has cast serious doubt on the famous doctor’s credentials (the child molester in the study conveniently died in 1955) and provided ammunition to those who wish to demonise his entire legacy. Evidence that the anti-Kinsey movement was gaining ground came in 1994, when President Bill Clinton had to sack his Surgeon General, Joycelyn Elders, for making the Kinseyesque remark that schoolchildren should be made aware of masturbation. Now, the father of free love must be squirming in his grave. According to the information in paragraph 2, Kinsey is ______ today in America.
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TEXT E No one person has done more to shape modern sexual values in America and therefore the Western world —than Dr. Alfred Kinsey. The researcher’s ground-breaking 1949 study, "Sexual Behaviour in the Human Male", which followed by its companion work on females, tore aside the curtain of silence on sexuality and lifted the taboos on talking freely about what popular culture would previously only refer to as "makin’ whoopee". Kinsey’s research into what makes us tick in the bedroom not only laid the groundwork for the 1960s sexual revolution, but also did the same for much of the theory behind modern-day sex education. After Sigmund Freud made his career reminding us how repressed we were, Kinsey grabbed the baton and went on to show us what we could do about it. But now his post-war glory has faded and conservative critics point to AIDS, drugs and other social ills as natural products of 1960s counter-culture. Kinsey’s star is on the wane; indeed, new allegations, some of them partly justified, are not only casting doubt on his scientific methods, but asking whether the good doctor should have been thrown in jail as a child abuser. The anti-Kinsey ball started rolling in the 1980s when a researcher called Judith Reisman published a book, Kinsey, Sex and Fraud, questioning his methods, especially using a large number of convicts, and unconventional and promiscuous interviewees in his research, while claiming that his eventual findings on sexual nature were representative of average, heterosexual citizens. This theme was taken up late last year by the Family Research Council in Washington, possibly the United States’ most influential group lobbying for traditional, Christian family values. Kinsey is a natural target for the organisation, since it believes that the researcher’s aim was nothing less than the destruction of traditional moral values and the initiation of a new order of free-love. The council has just won a small victory. It recently produced a video and booklet asking serious questions about a section in Kinsey’s work in which he produced statistics on the rate of sexual climax for children as young as four months. While it now seems incredible that no one in 1949 bothered to ask how Kinsey could possibly know how young boys were reaching climax, the council finally did. The video demanded to know what experiments Kinsey did, whether they involved criminal abuse, and where those victims are now. Since Kinsey had long gone, it was left to the Kinsey Institute at Indiana University to speak on his behalf. Its director revealed a long-standing secrets no, the great man had not laid his hands on any youngsters, he said, all his information came from one single source: a paedophile who had had sex with over 300 boys. The admission has cast serious doubt on the famous doctor’s credentials (the child molester in the study conveniently died in 1955) and provided ammunition to those who wish to demonise his entire legacy. Evidence that the anti-Kinsey movement was gaining ground came in 1994, when President Bill Clinton had to sack his Surgeon General, Joycelyn Elders, for making the Kinseyesque remark that schoolchildren should be made aware of masturbation. Now, the father of free love must be squirming in his grave. According to Judith Reisman, what was wrong with Kinsey’s methods
TEXT A American culture is defined by rather gradual movements from one stage of socialization to the next. The lifelong socialization process involves many different social forces which influence our lives and alter our self-images. Family The family is the institution most closely associated with the process of socialization. Obviously, one of its primary functions is the care and rearing of children. We experience socialization first as babies and infants living in families; it is here that we develop an initial sense of self. Most parents seek to help their children become competent adolescents and self-sufficient adults, which means socializing them into the norms and values of both the family and the larger society. The development of the self is a critical aspect of the early years of one’s life. In the United States, such social development includes exposure to cultural assumptions regarding sex differences. The term "gender roles" refers to expectations regarding the proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of males and females. As the primary agents of childhood socialization, parents play a critical role in guiding children into those gender roles deemed appropriate in a society. Other adults, older siblings, the mass media, and religious and educational institutions also have noticeable impact on a child’s socialization into feminine and masculine norms. Differential treatment of children by adults is an influential aspect of gender-role socialization. Let us consider a hypothetical example of differential treatment of children which begins in the family. Ron and Louise are twins who both show an unusual interest in science at an early age. For his birthdays, Ron is given chemistry sets, telescopes, microscopes, and the likes however, despite asking for similar gifts, Louise is given miniature dollhouses, beautiful dresses, and dancing lessons. When the twins are in junior high school, teachers take note of Ron’s love for science. They encourage him to do special projects, to help with their laboratory work, and to join the science club. Louise is given no such encouragements in fact, one teacher considers her fascination with astronomy "strange" for a girl. By the twins’ high school years, Ron is well known as a "science whiz". The guidance counselor suggests that he attend a college with a strong science program in order to achieve his goal of becoming a biologist. Louise has realized that she would like to become an astronomer, but the counselor and her parents pressure her into preparing for a career as an early childhood teacher —a career which they see as more suitable for a woman. During their college years, Ron and Louise might develop self- images as "scientist" and "teacher", respectively. On the other hand, Louise might get to college, switch her major, and become an astronomer despite everyone’s opposition. Neither of these young people is a passive actor who will inevitably follow the traditional gender roles of American society. Yet it can be extremely difficult to pursue a career, or any other type of life choice, if one’s parents, teachers, and the society as a whole seem to be telling you that you are unmasculine or feminine for doing so. Without question, differential socialization has a powerful impact on the development of American females and males. Like other elements of culture, socialization patterns are not fixed. There has, for example, been a sustained challenge to traditional American gender-role socialization in the last 15 years, owing in good part to the efforts of the feminist movement. Nevertheless, despite such changes, children growing up in the 1980s are hardly free of traditional gender roles. According to the passage, socialization can be best described as a process in which one learns how to ______.
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下面程序的运行结果是 【13】 。#include ＜iostream.h＞double fun( double a, double b, char c=’*’ )double d;switch (c)case ’+’:d=a+ b; break;case ’-’:d=a-b; break;case ’*’:d=a*b; break;case ’/’:d=a/b; break;return d;void main()double d=1.0;d=d-fun(fun(2.5,3.5,’+’),fun(3,5),’/’);cout＜＜"d="＜＜d＜＜end1;
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