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American this year will swallow 15,000 tons of aspirin, one of the safest and most effective drugs invented by man. The most popular medicine in the world today, it is an effective pain reliever. Its bad effects are relatively mild, and it is cheap. For millions of people suffering from arthritis (关节炎), it is the only thing that works. Aspirin, in short, is truly the 20th-century wonder drug. It is also the second largest suicide drug and is the leading cause of poisoning among children. It has side effects that although relatively mild are largely unrecognized among users. Although aspirin was first sold by a German company in 1899, it has been around much longer than that. Hippocrates, in ancient Greece, understood the medical value of the leaves and tree bark which today are known to contain salicylates, the chemical in aspirin. During the 19th century, there was a great deal of experimentation inEurope with this chemical, and it led to the introduction of aspirin. By 1915, aspirin tablets were available in the United States. A small quantity of aspirin (two five-grain tablets) relieves pain and inflammation (发炎). It also reduces fever by interfering with some of the body’s reactions. Specifically, aspirin seems to slow down the formation of the acids involved in pain and the complex chemical reactions that cause fever. The chemistry of these acids is not fully understood, but the slowing effect of aspirin is well known. Aspirin is very irritating to the stomach lining, and many aspirin takers complain about upset stomach. There is a right way and a wrong way to takeaspirin. The best way is to chew the tablets before swallowing them with water, but few people can stand the bitter taste. Some people suggest crushing the tablets in milk or orange juice and drinking that. In Para. 3, the word "salicylates" means "（）".
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Before a new airliner goes into service, every part of it is tested again and again. But there are two tests that are more important than all the others. One of them is very strange and the other is very dangerous. The first of these is called the “tank test”. A modern airliner must fly at very high altitudes. Air must be pumped into the place so that the passengers can breathe. The metal structure of the plane has to be very strong for this reason. When the plane is filled with air, or “pressured”, the air presses against the skin of the plane inside. The pressure on a small window, for example, is like a huge foot that is trying to get out. If a small part of the plane were to crack, the plane would explode in the sky. This is what happened to the first Comets. In order to test the structure of the plane, it is lowered into a huge tank of water. Then it is filled with air. The pressure inside the plane is greater than it ever will be when it is inthe air. Finally, there is an explosion. Engineers can discover which part of the plane has cracked. This part is made stronger. The most dangerous test happens when the new plane is going through test flight in the air. The test pilot must find exactly what happens whenall the engines are shut off at once. He takes the plane up very high. Then he shuts the engines off,the plane begins to fall like a stone. It is the pilot’s job to find out how he can get control of the plane again. These two tests are examples of how planes are made safe before they ever carry passengers. It can be inferred that during the test,（）
Before a new airliner goes into service, every part of it is tested again and again. But there are two tests that are more important than all the others. One of them is very strange and the other is very dangerous. The first of these is called the “tank test”. A modern airliner must fly at very high altitudes. Air must be pumped into the place so that the passengers can breathe. The metal structure of the plane has to be very strong for this reason. When the plane is filled with air, or “pressured”, the air presses against the skin of the plane inside. The pressure on a small window, for example, is like a huge foot that is trying to get out. If a small part of the plane were to crack, the plane would explode in the sky. This is what happened to the first Comets. In order to test the structure of the plane, it is lowered into a huge tank of water. Then it is filled with air. The pressure inside the plane is greater than it ever will be when it is inthe air. Finally, there is an explosion. Engineers can discover which part of the plane has cracked. This part is made stronger. The most dangerous test happens when the new plane is going through test flight in the air. The test pilot must find exactly what happens whenall the engines are shut off at once. He takes the plane up very high. Then he shuts the engines off,the plane begins to fall like a stone. It is the pilot’s job to find out how he can get control of the plane again. These two tests are examples of how planes are made safe before they ever carry passengers. The test is carried out under water because（）.
Have you ever seen a movie in which a building was burned down or a bridge was destroyed Have you seen films in which a train crashed or a ship sank into the ocean If so, you may have wondered how these things could happen without harming the people in the film. The man who knows the answer is the “special-effects” man. He has one of the most important jobs in the film industry. He may be ordered to create a flood or to make a battlefield explode. But he may also be asked to create a special effect which is much less exciting, though just as important to the success of the film. In a scene for one movie, there was a big glass bowl filled water in which small fish were swimming. The director of the movie wanted the fish to stop swimming suddenly while they seemed to stare at an actor. Then the director wanted the fish to stop staring and swim away. But fish cannot be ordered to do anything. It was quite a problem. The special-effects man thought about this problem for a long time. The result was an idea for controlling the fish with a harmless use of electricity. First, he applied electricity to the fish bowl, causing the fish to be absolutely still. Then he rapidly reduced the amount of electricity, allowing the fish to swim away. Thus, he got the humorous effect that the director wanted. As in other parts of movie making, there are those who have developed particular skill in creating certain kinds of effects. For fires, the special-effects man does not trust the normal burning process of wood or other materials. He does not have time to wait until large flames appear. Usually he places metal pipes in the area that is to be burned. Gas flowing through the pipes burns instantly but can be kept under control easily by opening or closing the pipes. All this requires training, skill, and experience. It also adds a great deal to the expense of producing the film. It helps explain why so many movies are very expensive to make. The job of a special-effects man is（）.
——Would you mind turning off the radio——（）.
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