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Passage Two Apart from borrowing from hanks, a firm or an individual can obtain funds in a financial market in two ways. The most common method is to issue a (61) , such as a bond or a mortgage, which is a (62) by the borrower to pay the holder of it at (63) until a specified date, when a final payment is made. The (64) of it is the time of expiration date. The second method of raising funds is by issuing (65) , such as common stock, which are claims to share in the net income and the assets of a business.
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Directions: There are 10 blanks in the following passages. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You are supposed to choose the best answer and mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET by drawing a single line through the center.Passage One Banks are subject to various forms of legal risk, including inadequate or incorrect (56) advice or documentation that may result in unexpected decline in the value of (57) or unexpected increase in the value of liabilities. In addition, existing laws may (58) resolve legal issues involving a bank; a court case involving a (59) bank may have wider implications for banking business and involve costs to it and many or all other banks; and, laws (60) banks or other commercial enterprises may change. Banks are particularly susceptible to legal risks when entering new types of transactions and when the legal right of a counterpart to enter into a transaction is not established.
Passage Two Apart from borrowing from hanks, a firm or an individual can obtain funds in a financial market in two ways. The most common method is to issue a (61) , such as a bond or a mortgage, which is a (62) by the borrower to pay the holder of it at (63) until a specified date, when a final payment is made. The (64) of it is the time of expiration date. The second method of raising funds is by issuing (65) , such as common stock, which are claims to share in the net income and the assets of a business.
Passage Three Banks with large international credits limit their concentrations of loans in any one country according to the perceived "country risk". Country risk generally refers to economic and political conditions existing in a country. In any case, a loan to the foreign nation’s government or its agencies is generally safer than a loan to a private-sector borrower. Even loans to governments may be unsafe, however, because of what is called "sovereign risk". When foreign governments experience economic or political pressures, there is a risk that they will divert resources to the correction of their domestic problems at the expense of servicing their debts to external lenders. In the 1980s, several less-developed nations requested the rescheduling of bank loans at considerable sacrifice in interest income to the banks involved. At the extreme, governments might simply repudiate their debts; that is, they might no longer recognize their obligations to external creditors. If we make loans to governments, we may suffer "sovereign risk".
Foreign exchange includes various means of payments and assets denominated in a foreign currency that can be used for international settlement.
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