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The Aleuts, residing on several islands of the Aleutian Chain, the Pribilof Islands, and the Alaskan peninsula have possessed a written language since 1825, when the Russian missionary Ivan Venation selected appropriate characters of the Cyrillic alphabet to represent Aleut speech sounds, recorded the main body of Aleut vocabulary and formulated grammatical rules. The Czarist Russian conquest of the proud, independent sea hunters was so devastatingly thorough that tribal traditions, even tribal memories, were almost obliterated. The slaughter of the majority of an adult generation was sufficient to destroy the continuity of tribal knowledge, which was dependent upon oral transmission. As a consequence, the Aleuts developed a fanatical devotion to their language as their only cultural heritage.The Russian occupation placed a heavy linguistic burden on the Aleuts. Not only were they compelled to learn Russian to converse with their overseers and governors, but they had to learn Old Slavonic to take an active part in church services as well as to master the skill of reading and writing their own tongue. In 1867, when the United States purchased Alaska, the Aleuts were unable to break sharply with their immediate past and substitute English for any one of their three languages.To communicants of the Russian Orthodox Church a knowledge of Slavonic remained vital as did Russian, the language in which one conversed with the clergy. The Aleuts came to regard English education as a device to wean them from their religious faith. The introduction of compulsory English schooling caused a minor renascence of Russian culture as the Aleut patents sought to counteract the influence of the schoolroom. The harsh life of the Russian colonial rule began to appear more happy and beautiful in retrospect.Regulations forbidding instruction in any language other than English increased its unpopularity. The superficial alphabetical resemblance of Russian and Aleut linked the two tongues so closely that every restriction against teaching Russian was interpreted as an attempt to eradicate the Aleut tongue. From the wording of ninny regulations, it appears that American administrators often had not the slightest idea that the Aleuts were clandestinely reading and writing their own tongue or even had a written language of their own. To too many officials, anything in Cyrillic letters was Russian and something to be stamped out. Bitterness bred by abuses and the exploitations the Aleuts suffered from predatory American traders and adventurers kept alive the Aleut resentment against the language spoken by Americans.Gradually despite the failure to emancipate the Aleuts from a sterile past by relating the Aleut and English languages more closely, the passage of years has assuaged the bitter misunderstandings and caused an orientation, away from Russian toward English as their second language, but Aleut continues to be the language that molds their thought and expression. Distributing which of the following publications would be most likely 1o encourage Aleuts to make more use of English（）
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Like many other aspects of the computer age, Yahoo began as an idea, (21) into a hobby and lately has (22) into a full-time passion. The two developers of Yahoo, David Filo and Jerry Yang, Ph. D candidates (23) Electrical Engineering at Stanford University, started their guide in April 1994 as a way to keep (24) of their personal interest on the Internet. Before long they (25) that their homebrewed lists were becoming too long and (26) . Gradually they began to spend more and more time on Yahoo.During 1994, they (27) yahoo into a customized database designed to (28) the needs of the thousands of users (29) began to use the service through the closely (30) Internet community. They developed customized software to help them (31) locate, identify and edit material (32) on the Internet. The name Yahoo is (33) to stand for "Yet Another Hierarchical Officious Oracle", but Filo and Yang insist they selected the (34) because they considered themselves yahoos. Yahoo itself first (35) on Yang’s workstation, "akebono", while the search engine was (36) on Filo’s computer, "Konishiki" .In early 1995 Marc Andersen, co-founder of Netscape Communication in Mountain View, California, invited Filo and Yang to move their files (37) to larger computers (38) at Netscape. As a result Stanford’s computer network returned to (39) , and both parties benefited. Today, Yahoo (40) organized information on tens of thousands of computers linked to the web. 26（）
Like many other aspects of the computer age, Yahoo began as an idea, (21) into a hobby and lately has (22) into a full-time passion. The two developers of Yahoo, David Filo and Jerry Yang, Ph. D candidates (23) Electrical Engineering at Stanford University, started their guide in April 1994 as a way to keep (24) of their personal interest on the Internet. Before long they (25) that their homebrewed lists were becoming too long and (26) . Gradually they began to spend more and more time on Yahoo.During 1994, they (27) yahoo into a customized database designed to (28) the needs of the thousands of users (29) began to use the service through the closely (30) Internet community. They developed customized software to help them (31) locate, identify and edit material (32) on the Internet. The name Yahoo is (33) to stand for "Yet Another Hierarchical Officious Oracle", but Filo and Yang insist they selected the (34) because they considered themselves yahoos. Yahoo itself first (35) on Yang’s workstation, "akebono", while the search engine was (36) on Filo’s computer, "Konishiki" .In early 1995 Marc Andersen, co-founder of Netscape Communication in Mountain View, California, invited Filo and Yang to move their files (37) to larger computers (38) at Netscape. As a result Stanford’s computer network returned to (39) , and both parties benefited. Today, Yahoo (40) organized information on tens of thousands of computers linked to the web. 40（）
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Like many other aspects of the computer age, Yahoo began as an idea, (21) into a hobby and lately has (22) into a full-time passion. The two developers of Yahoo, David Filo and Jerry Yang, Ph. D candidates (23) Electrical Engineering at Stanford University, started their guide in April 1994 as a way to keep (24) of their personal interest on the Internet. Before long they (25) that their homebrewed lists were becoming too long and (26) . Gradually they began to spend more and more time on Yahoo.During 1994, they (27) yahoo into a customized database designed to (28) the needs of the thousands of users (29) began to use the service through the closely (30) Internet community. They developed customized software to help them (31) locate, identify and edit material (32) on the Internet. The name Yahoo is (33) to stand for "Yet Another Hierarchical Officious Oracle", but Filo and Yang insist they selected the (34) because they considered themselves yahoos. Yahoo itself first (35) on Yang’s workstation, "akebono", while the search engine was (36) on Filo’s computer, "Konishiki" .In early 1995 Marc Andersen, co-founder of Netscape Communication in Mountain View, California, invited Filo and Yang to move their files (37) to larger computers (38) at Netscape. As a result Stanford’s computer network returned to (39) , and both parties benefited. Today, Yahoo (40) organized information on tens of thousands of computers linked to the web. 23（）
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