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TEXT C The wet volcanic ash that covered a Maya village in Central America in about AD 595 coated and pre- served everyday objects beans, chilies, rope, gourds, even unwashed dishes -- just as they had been left, giving archaeologists a rare chance to learn about the everyday lives of the people of this pre-Columbian village. Exploration of the site, which is located in El Salvador and has been given the name Joya de Ceren, is now in its eighth season, and archaeologists are continuing to make new finds. The volcanic eruption that entombed Ceren more than 1400 years ago began when lava pushed its way close enough to the surface to create a great explosion of steam and ash that was centered just north of the village. The archaeologists have not found the remains of any human beings killed by the eruption in Ceren, suggesting that they had enough warning to flee. The eruption buried Ceren in a layer of ash 4 to 6 m (13 to 20 ft) deep over a period of a few days. One of the most striking of the conclusions drawn from the Ceren site is that the people of this ancient village lived more comfortably than average Salvadorans do today. Ceren’s architecture, crafts, and agriculture were surprisingly sophisticated and varied. They ate a rich variety of foods, had spacious, well-ventilated living and working quarters, and lavishly decorated many of their ceramic items. Yet Ceren was an average farming village, not a seat of the ruling class or a regional center of commerce, archaeologists said. The village of Ceren was rediscovered in 1976 when a bulldozer operator knocked into the wall of one of the structures. Grasses that made up the thatched roof of the dwelling were still preserved, leading an archaeologist to conclude that the structure was recent. After two years, anthropologist Payson D. Sheets of the University of Colorado at Boulder discovered the antiquity of the structures when he dated a sample of thatch to about 1400 years ago. Sheets was able to survey the site for only a few years before the civil war in El Salvador made it too dangerous to continue. The archaeologists left the site, located northwest of San Salvador, the capital, in 1980 and did not return until 1989. Since then, archaeologists led by Sheets have returned each year. As of spring 1997, they had digged 12 buildings, including a community hall, living quarters, kitchens, storerooms, a religious hall, a sauna, and even a small building believed to be the workplace of a shaman (a priest who uses magic). The smallest objects of daily life were preserved, sometimes as actual organic matter such as seeds or stems, sometimes as impressions in the ash such as that of a cornstalk or a squash. By sending radar signals through the ground in order to detect buried objects, archaeologists in 1994 located 22 additional structures still buried in ash. Archaeologists at the site have found the remains of animals including dogs, deer, and a duck tied to a pole. All that remains of the people of Ceren, however, are their footprints, and a few teeth, believed to have been tossed on a roof for good luck. When the teeth were found, workers told Sheets that throwing teeth on the roof is a tradition still practiced by some people in rural El Salvador today. The best title for this passage might be ______.
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Question 8 to 10 are based on the following news item. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer each question.Now listen to the news. Isreali troop near border with Gaza has ______.
TEXT A Historical developments of the past half century and the invention of modern telecommunication and transportation technologies have created a world economy. Effectively the American economy has died and been replaced by a world economy. In the future there is no such thing as being an American manager. Even someone who spends an entire management career in Kansas City is in international management. He or she will compete with foreign firms, buy from foreign firms, sell to foreign films, or acquire financing from foreign banks. The globalization of the world’s capital markets that has occurred in the past 10 years will be replicated right across the economy in the next decade. An international perspective has become central to management. Without it managers are operating in ignorance and cannot understand what is happening to them and their firms. Partly because of globalization and partly because of demography, the work forces of the next century are going to be very different from those of the last century. Most firms will be employing more foreign nationals. More likely than not, you and your boss will not be of the same nationality. Demography and changing social mores mean that white males will become a smaller fraction of the work force as women and minorities grow in importance. All of these factors will require changes in the traditional methods of managing the work force. In addition, the need to produce goods and services at quality levels previously thought impossible to obtain in mass production and the spreading use of participatory management techniques will require a work force with much higher levels of education and skills. Production workers must be able to do statistical quality control; production workers must be able to do just in-time inventories. Managers are increasingly shifting from a "don’t think, do what you are told" to a "think, I am not going to tell you what to do" style of management. This shift is occurring not because today’s managers are more enlightened than yesterday’s managers but because the evidence is rapidly mounting that the second style of management is more productive than the first style of management. But this means that problems of training and motivating the work force both become more central and require different modes of behavior. In the world of tomorrow managers cannot be technologically illiterate regardless of their functional tasks within the firm. They don’t have to be scientists or engineers inventing new technologies, but they have to be managers who understand when to bet and when not to bet on new technologies. If they don’ t understand what is going on and technology effectively becomes a black box, they will fail to make the changes that those who do understand what is going on inside the black box make. They will be losers, not winners. Today’s CEOs are those who solved the central problems facing their companies 20 years ago. Tomorrow’s CEOs will be those who solve central problems facing their companies today. Sloan hopes to produce a generation of managers who will be solving today’s and tomorrow’s problems and because they are successful in doing so they will become tomorrow’s captains of business. By the first sentence of paragraph 7, the author means that______.
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