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女，68岁，反复咳嗽，咳痰20年，气促10年，加重伴腹胀，下肢水肿1周入院，高血压病史10年，最高血压145/90mmHg。口唇发绀，双下肺散在哮鸣音和湿啰音，肝肋下3cm，肝颈静脉回流征阳性，双下肢水肿，血常规：WBC 9.3×109/L，N 0.78。 该患者发生下肢水肿最主要的机制为
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DEBUNKING NEGOTIATION MYTHSBefore developing a mom effective negotiation strategy, we need to dispel several faulty assumptions and myths about negotiation. These myths hamper people’s ability to learn effective negotiation skills and, in some cases, reinforce poor negotiation skills.A pervasive belief is that good negotiation skills are something that people are born with, not something that can be readily learned. This is false because most excellent negotiators are self-made. In fact, there are very few naturally gifted negotiators. We tend to hear their stories, but we must remember that their stories are selective, meaning that it is always possible for someone to have a lucky day or a fortunate experience. This myth is often perpetuated by the tendency of people to judge negotiation skills by theft car-dealership experiences. Whereas purchasing a car is certainly an important and common type of negotiation, it is not the best context by which to judge your negotiation skills. The most important negotiations are those that we engage in every day with our colleagues, supervisors, co-workers and business associates. These relationships provide a much better index of one’s effectiveness in negotiation. In short, effective negotiation requires practice and feedback. The problem is that most of ns do not get an opportunity to develop effective negotiation skills in a disciplined fashion, rather, most of us learn by doing. As the second myth reveals, experience is helpful, but not sufficient.We have all met that person at the cocktail party or on the airplane who boasts about his or her great negotiation feats and how be or she learned on the job. It is only partly true that experience can improve negotiation skills; in fact, naive experience is largely ineffective in improving negotiation skills. There are three strikes against natural experience as an effective teacher. First, if a person does not know how well he or she has performed in the negotiation, it is nearly impossible to improve performance. For example, can you imagine trying to learn mathematics without ever doing homework or taking tests The second, problem is that our memories tend to be selective, meaning that people tend to remember their successes and forget their failures or shortcomings. This is, of course, comforting to our ego, but it does not improve our ability to negotiate. Finally experience improves our confidence, but not necessarily our accuracy. People with more experience grow more and mom confident, but the accuracy of their judgment and the effectiveness of their behavior do not increase in a commensurate fashion. Overconfidence can be dangerous because it may lead people to take unwise risks.The third pervasive myth is that effective negotiation necessitates taking risks and gambles. In negotiation, this may mean saying things like "This is my final offer" or "Take it or leave it" or using threats and bluffs. This is what we call a "tough" style of negotiation, though negotiators are rarely effective; however, we tend to be impressed by the tough negotiator.An interesting exercise is to ask managers and anyone else who negotiates and to describe their approach to negotiating. Many seasoned negotiators believe that thee negotiation style involves a lot of "gut feeling," intuition, and "in-the-moment" responses. We believe that this type of intuition does not serve people well. Effective negotiator involves deliberate thought and preparation and is quite systematic. According to the writer, the best way to improve negotiation skills is（）
RS-232C是 (1) 。 现在，不少打印机、扫描仪和数字相机等设备都通过USB接口与主机相连，它是 (2) ，此类应用中的传送速率可达 (3) 。它支持 (4) 通信，并完全支持 (5) 。 (3)
5Standard usage includes those words and expressions understood, used, and accepted by a majority of the speakers of a language in any situation regardless of the level of for mality. As such, these words and expressions are well defined and listed in standard dic tionaries. Colloquialisms, on the other hand, are familiar words and idioms that are under stood by almost all speakers of language and used in informal speech or writing, but not considered acceptable for more formal situations. Almost all idiomatic expressions are collo quial language. Slang, however, refers to words and expressions understood by a large number of speakers but not accepted as appropriate formal usage by the majority. Colloquial expressions and even slang may be found in standard dictionaries but will be so identi fied. Both Colloquial usage and slang are more common in speech than in writing.Colloquial speech often passes into standard speech. Some slang also passes into stand ard speech, but other slang expressions enjoy momentary popularity followed by obscuri ty. In some cases, the majority never accepts certain slang phrases but nevertheless retains them in their collective memories. Every generation seems to require its own set of words to describe familiar objects and events.It has been pointed out by a number of linguists that three cultural conditions are nec essary for the creation of a large body of slang expressions. First, the introduction and ac ceptance of new objects and situations in the society; second, a diverse population with a large number of subgroups; third, association among the subgroups and the majority pop ulation.Finally, it is worth noting that the terms "standard," "colloquial," and "slang" exist only as abstract labels for scholars who study language. Only a tiny number of the speakers of any language will be aware that they are using colloquial or slang expres- sions. Most speakers of English will, during appropriate situations, select and use all three types of expressions. Which of the following is the main topic of the passage ？（）
1In old days, when a glimpse of stocking was looked upon as something far too shock ing to distract the serious work of an office, secretaries were men.Then came the First World War and the male secretaries were replaced by women. A man’s secretary became his personal servant, charged with remembering his wife’s birth day and buying her presents; taking his suits to the dry-cleaners; telling lies on the tele phone to keep people he did not wish to speak to at bay and, of course, typing and filing and taking shorthand.Now all this may be changing again. The microchip and high technology is sweeping the British office, taking with it much of the routine clerical work that secretaries did."Once office technology takes over generally, the status of the job will rise again be cause it will involve only the high-powered work and then men will want to do it again. "That was said by one of the executives (male) of one of the biggest secretarial agencies in this country. What he has predicted is already under way in the US. One girl described to me a recent temporary job placing men in secretarial jobs in San Francisco. She noted that all the men she dealt with appeared to be gay so possibly that it was just a new twist to the old story.Over here, though, there are men coming onto the job market as secretaries. Classically, girls have learned shorthand and typing and gone into a company to seek their fortune from the bottom--and that’s what happened to John Bowman. Although he joined a national gro cery chain as secretary to its first woman senior manager, he has since been promoted to an administration job."I filled in the application form and said I could do audio/typing, and in fact I was the only applicant. The girls were reluctant to work for this young, glamorous new woman with all this power in the firm. ""I did typing at school, and then a commercial course. I just thought it would be use ful finding a job. I never got any funny treatment from the girls, though I admit I’ve never met another male secretary. But then I joined the Post Office as a clerk and carelessly played with the typewriter, and wrote letters, and thought that after all secretaries were getting a good ~1,000 a year more than clerks like me. There was a shortage at that time, you see. ""It was simpler working for a woman than for a man. I found she made decisions, she told everybody what she thought, and there was none of that male bitchiness, or that stuff ’ring this number for me dear, ’which men go in for. ""Don’t forget, we were a team—that’s how I feel about it—not boss and servant but two people doing different things for the same purpose. "Once high technology has made the job of secretary less routine, will there be male takeover Men should beware of thinking that they can walk right into the better jobs. There are a lot of women secretaries who will do the job as well, as they are as effi cient and well-trained to cope with word processors and computers as men. Before the First World War, female secretaries were rare because they （）.
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