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简答题Signs of American culture, ranging from fast food to Hollywood movies, can be seen around the world. But now anthropologists have discovered a far more troubling cultural export from the United States—stigma against fat people.Negative perceptions about people who are overweight are becoming the cultural norm in many countries, according to a new report in the journal Current Anthropology. (47) Although some of the shift in thinking likely is explained by idealized slim body images promoted in American advertising and Hollywood movies, the emergence of fat stigma around the world may also result from public health efforts to promote obesity as a disease and a worrisome threat to a nation’s health.Researchers from Arizona State University Dr. Brewis and her colleagues recently completed a multicountry study intended to give a snapshot of the international zeitgeist about weight and body image. (48) The researchers elicited answers of true or false to statements with varying degrees of fat stigmatization. The fat stigma test included statements like, "People are overweight because they are lazy" and" Fat people are fated to be fat". Using mostly in person interviews, supplemented with questions posed over the Internet, they tested attitudes among 700 people in 10 countries, territories and cities.The findings were troubling. Dr. Brewis said she fully expected high levels of fat stigma to show up in the "Anglosphere" countries, including the United States, England and New Zealand, as well as in body conscious Argentina. (49) But what she did not expect was how strongly people in the rest of the testing sites that have historically held more positive views of larger bodies, including Puerto Rico and American Samoa expressed negative attitudes about weight. The results, Dr. Brewis said, suggest a surprisingly rapid "globalization of fat stigma. "To be sure , jokes and negative perceptions about weight have been around for ages. But what appears to have changed most is the level of criticism and blame leveled at people who are overweight. (50) One reason may be that public health campaigns branding obesity as a disease are sometimes perceived as being critical of individuals rather than the environmental and social factors that lead to weight gain. "Of all the things we could be exporting to help people around the world, really negative body image and low self-esteem are not what we hope is going out with public health messaging. "Dr. Brewis said.Dr. Brewis notes that far more study is needed to determine the extent of fat stigma and whether people were experiencing more social or workplace discrimination as a result of the growing fat stigma. "I think the next big question is whether it’s going to create a lot of new suffering where suffering didn’t exist before, " Dr. Brewis said. "I think it’s important that we think about designing health messages around obesity that don’t exacerbate the problem. \ 48（）
草坪铺植中，土壤耕翻后灌透水或用碾子滚压的目的是为了确保场地不出现坑洼处理，确保排水坡的建立可最后按设计标高对地面做出准确的整平与调整。
北京市某科技公司工作人员吴某，1999年7月因贪污罪被判处无期徒刑。判决后吴某在被押解去监狱的途中，借口上厕所乘机逃跑。吴某逃脱后，来到朋友姜某家中，讲明自己刚从押解途中逃出，请姜某帮助。姜某开始犹豫不决，吴某威胁他说，如果姜某不帮一把，将揭发姜某1989年10月奸淫邻居一不满14周岁幼女一事。姜某听后，赶紧说好商量好商量，并将吴某藏在家中，然后又上商场按吴的身材买了一身衣服，以方便吴某外逃时穿用。因为没有足够的费用外逃，于是吴某决定先去偷盗些东西变卖后再逃。2000年6月7日深夜，吴某利用自己熟知原工作过的公司情况的便利，潜入公司仓库偷出计算机硬盘8块，磁盘20张，液晶显示器两个以及其他计算机元器件，价值人民币约22000余元。为了避风头，吴某得手后没有立即转手出卖。一星期后，由姜某以15000元的价格在朋友中间卖掉，为了报答姜某的“搭救之恩”，吴某又于8月20日深夜潜入一家商店，窃得29寸“康佳”牌彩电一台（价值近3000元）赠送给姜某。姜某知道后表示接受，2001年3月9日吴某在南方某市被抓捕归案，在审讯中供出了姜某。根据上述案情，请回答下列问题：（1）行为人吴某又构成何罪（2）对行为人吴某应如何处罚最后的刑罚如何确定（3）行为人姜某遇到脱逃的吴某后的行为是否构成犯罪若构成犯罪，构成何罪（4）对行为人姜某应如何处罚
案例分析题One of the many pleasures of watching Mad Men, a television drama about the advertising industry in the early 1960s, is examining the ways in which office life has changed over the years. One obvious change makes people feel good about themselves: they no longer treat women as second-class citizens. But the other obvious change makes them feel a bit more uneasy: they have lost the art of enjoying themselves at work.The ad-men in those days enjoyed simple pleasures. They puffed away at their desks. They drank throughout the day. They had affairs with their colleagues. They socialised not in order to bond, but in order to get drunk. Nowadays many companies are obsessed with fun. Software firms in Silicon Valley have installed rock-climbing walls in their reception areas and put inflatable animals in their offices. Wal-Mart orders its cashiers to smile at all and sundry. The cult of fun has spread like some disgusting haemorrhagic disease.This cult of fun is driven by three of the most popular management fads of the moment: empowerment, engagement and creativity. Many companies pride themselves on devolving power to front-line workers. But surveys show that only 20% of workers are" fully engaged with their job ". Even fewer are creative. Managers hope that " fun" will magically make workers more engaged and creative. But the problem is that as soon as fun becomes part of a corporate strategy it ceases to be fun and becomes its opposite—at best an empty shell and at worst a tiresome imposition.The most unpleasant thing about the fashion for fun is that it is mixed with a large dose of pressure. Boston Pizza encourages workers to send" golden bananas" to colleagues who are "having fun while being the best". Behind the" fun" there often lurks some crude management thinking: a desire to brand the company as better than its rivals, or a plan to boost productivity through team-building. Twitter even boasts that it has" worked hard to create an environment that spawns productivity and happiness".While imposing fake fun on their employees, companies are battling against the real thing. Many force smokers to huddle outside like furtive criminals. Few allow their employees to drink at lunch time, let alone earlier in the day. A regiment of busybodies— from lawyers to human resources functionaries—is waging war on office romance, particularly between people of different ranks.The merchants of fake fun have met some resistance. When Wal-Mart tried to impose alien rules on its German staff—such as compulsory smiling and a ban on affairs with coworkers—it touched off a guerrilla war that ended only when the supermarket chain announced it was pulling out of Germany in 2006. But such victories are rare. For most wage slaves forced to pretend they are having fun at work, the only relief is to poke fun at their tormentors. Mad Men reminds people of a world they have lost—a world where bosses did not tbink that"fun" was a management tool and where employees could happily quaff Scotch at noon. Cheers to that. In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by （）
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