题目内容
Opinion polls are now beginning to show that, whoever is to blame and whatever happens from now on, high unemployment is probably here to stay. This means we shall have to find ways of sharing the available employment more widely. But we need to go further. We must ask some fundamental questions about the future work. Should we continue to treat employment as the norm Should we not rather encourage many ways for self-respecting people to work Should we not create conditions in which many of us can work for ourselves, rather than for an employer Should we not aim to revive the household and the neighborhood, as well as the factory and the office, as centers of production and work The industrial age has been the only period of human history in which most people’s work has taken the form of jobs. The industrial age may now be coming to an end, and some of the changes in work patterns which it brought may have to be reversed. This seems a daunting thought. But, in fact, it could offer the prospect of a better future for work. Universal employment, as its history shows, has not meant economic freedom. Employment became widespread when the enclosures of the 17th and 18th centuries made many people dependent on paid work by depriving them of the use of the land, and thus of the means to provide a living for themselves. Then the factory system destroyed the cottage industries and removed work from people’s homes. Later, as transport improved first by rail and then by road, people commuted longer distances to their places of employment until, eventually, many people’s work lost all connection with their home lives and the places in which they live. Meanwhile, employment put women at a disadvantage. In preindustrial times, men and women had shared the productive work of the household and village community. Now it became customary for the husband to go out to paid employment, leaving the unpaid work of the home and families to his wife. Tax and benefit regulations still assume this norm today, and restrict more flexible sharing of work roles between the sexes. It was not only women whose work status suffered. As employment became the dominant form of work,young people and old people were excluded—a problem now,as more teenagers become frustrated at school and more retired people want to live active lives. All this may now have to change. The time has certainly come to switch some effort and resources away from the idealist goal crea- ting jobs for all, to the urgent practical task of helping many people to manage without full-time jobs. What does the word“daunting”in the third paragraph mean
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Behind our house is the start of a fascinating trail (小径). This trail is one of the old roads that wind through untold miles of forest. My (36) , Beans, and I walk the trail frequently. Normally, Beans sniffs alongside the trail to follow the smell of a deer track or explore some cause known only to him.Beans is a white dog, quite handsome and very smart. He not only understands what we tell him, but also often makes sounds as if he were trying to (37) back.One morning, we took a different route, which led us to an unfamiliar trail. I was sure this trail would eventually lead us to our familiar (38) . But, no. We seemed to be far off course. After two hours, I suddenly realized that Beans probably (39) the way home. So I urged, "Beans, take me home." He ran down a new trail. But it merely led to an intersection (岔道口) of trails.Soon it became (40) that we were getting nowhere. I began to picture the rest of the day in the (41) , without food or drink. We had walked about ten miles. But Beans seemed totally (42) The sniffing and exploring was going well for him.Finally, we (43) a crossroad near a highway. Lady Luck suggested I should turn left. We did and (44) reached a cottage beside a field. I knocked on the door and explained my situation to an old man. He laughed and then drove us home.Since our adventure, I (45) that Beans probably knew all along how to get home.He was just having too much fan exploring new trails. 44（）
When I lived in Spain, some Spanish friends of mine decided to visit England by car. Before they left, they asked me for advice about how to find accommodation. I suggested that they should stay at "bed and breakfast" houses, because this kind of accommodation gives a foreign visitor a good chance to speak English with the family. My friends listened to my advice, but they came back with some funny stories. "We didn’t stay at bed and breakfast houses," they said, "because we found that most families were away on holiday. " I thought this was strange. Finally I understood what had happened. My friends spoke little English, and they thought "VACANCIES" meant "holidays", because the Spanish word for "holiday" is "vacation". So they did not go to house where the sign outside said "VACANCIES", which in English means there are free rooms. Then my friends went to house where the sign said " NO VACANCIES", because they thought this meant the people who owned the house were not away on holiday. But they found that these houses were all full. As a result, they stayed at hotels! We laughed about this and about mistakes my friends made in reading other signs. In Spanish, the word "DIVERSION" means fun. In English, it means that workmen are repairing the road, and that you must take a different road. When my friends saw the word "DIVERSION" on a road sign, they thought they were going to have fun. Instead, the road is blocked by a crowd. English people have problems too when they learn foreign languages. Once in Paris when someone offered me some more coffee, I said "Thank you" in French. I meant that I would like some more. However, to my surprise the coffee pot was taken away! Later I found out that "Thank you" in French means "No, thank you". "NO VACANCIES" in English means ______.
Behind our house is the start of a fascinating trail (小径). This trail is one of the old roads that wind through untold miles of forest. My (36) , Beans, and I walk the trail frequently. Normally, Beans sniffs alongside the trail to follow the smell of a deer track or explore some cause known only to him.Beans is a white dog, quite handsome and very smart. He not only understands what we tell him, but also often makes sounds as if he were trying to (37) back.One morning, we took a different route, which led us to an unfamiliar trail. I was sure this trail would eventually lead us to our familiar (38) . But, no. We seemed to be far off course. After two hours, I suddenly realized that Beans probably (39) the way home. So I urged, "Beans, take me home." He ran down a new trail. But it merely led to an intersection (岔道口) of trails.Soon it became (40) that we were getting nowhere. I began to picture the rest of the day in the (41) , without food or drink. We had walked about ten miles. But Beans seemed totally (42) The sniffing and exploring was going well for him.Finally, we (43) a crossroad near a highway. Lady Luck suggested I should turn left. We did and (44) reached a cottage beside a field. I knocked on the door and explained my situation to an old man. He laughed and then drove us home.Since our adventure, I (45) that Beans probably knew all along how to get home.He was just having too much fan exploring new trails. 45（）
Opinion polls are now beginning to show that, whoever is to blame and whatever happens from now on, high unemployment is probably here to stay. This means we shall have to find ways of sharing the available employment more widely. But we need to go further. We must ask some fundamental questions about the future work. Should we continue to treat employment as the norm Should we not rather encourage many ways for self-respecting people to work Should we not create conditions in which many of us can work for ourselves, rather than for an employer Should we not aim to revive the household and the neighborhood, as well as the factory and the office, as centers of production and work The industrial age has been the only period of human history in which most people’s work has taken the form of jobs. The industrial age may now be coming to an end, and some of the changes in work patterns which it brought may have to be reversed. This seems a daunting thought. But, in fact, it could offer the prospect of a better future for work. Universal employment, as its history shows, has not meant economic freedom. Employment became widespread when the enclosures of the 17th and 18th centuries made many people dependent on paid work by depriving them of the use of the land, and thus of the means to provide a living for themselves. Then the factory system destroyed the cottage industries and removed work from people’s homes. Later, as transport improved first by rail and then by road, people commuted longer distances to their places of employment until, eventually, many people’s work lost all connection with their home lives and the places in which they live. Meanwhile, employment put women at a disadvantage. In preindustrial times, men and women had shared the productive work of the household and village community. Now it became customary for the husband to go out to paid employment, leaving the unpaid work of the home and families to his wife. Tax and benefit regulations still assume this norm today, and restrict more flexible sharing of work roles between the sexes. It was not only women whose work status suffered. As employment became the dominant form of work,young people and old people were excluded—a problem now,as more teenagers become frustrated at school and more retired people want to live active lives. All this may now have to change. The time has certainly come to switch some effort and resources away from the idealist goal crea- ting jobs for all, to the urgent practical task of helping many people to manage without full-time jobs. It can be inferred from the passage that______.
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