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In this section there are several reading passages followed by a total of twenty multiple-choice questions. Read the passages and then mark your answers on your answer sheet.TEXT A Should doctors ever lie to benefit their patients—to speed recovery or to conceal the approach of death In medicine as in law, government, and other lines of work, the requirements of honesty often seem dwarfed by greater needs: the need to shelter from brutal news or to uphold a promise of secrecy; to expose corruption or to promote the public interest. What would doctors say, for example, to a 46-year-old man coming in for a routine physical checkup just before going on vacation with his family who, though he feels in perfect health, is found to have a form of cancer that will cause him to die within six months Is it best to tell him the truth If he asks, should the doctors deny that he is ill, or minimize the gravity of the illness Should they at least conceal the truth until after the family vacation Doctors confront such choices often and urgently. At times, they see important reasons to lie for the patient’s own sake; in their eyes, such lies differ sharply from self-serving ones. Studies show that most doctors sincerely believe that the seriously ill do not want to know the truth about their condition, and that informing them risks destroying their hope, so that they may recover more slowly, or deteriorate faster, perhaps even commit suicide, As one physician wrote: "ours is a profession which traditionally has been guided by a precept that transcends the virtue of uttering the truth for truth’s sake, and that is as for as possible do harm." Armed with such precept, a number of doctors my slip into deceptive practices that they assume will "do no harm" and may will help their patients. They may prescribe innumerable placebos, sound more encouraging than the facts warrant, and distort grave news, especially to the incurably ill and the dying. But the illusory nature of the benefits such deception is meant to produce is now coming to be documented. Studies show that, contrary to the belief of many physicians, an overwhelming majority of patients do want to be told the truth, even about grave illness, and feel betrayed when they learn that they have been misled. We are also learning that truthful information, humanely conveyed, helps patients cope with illness: helps them tolerate pain better, need less medicine, and even recover faster after surgery. Not only do lies not provide the "help" hoped for by advocates of benevolent deception; they invade the autonomy of patients and render them unable to make informed choices concerning their own health, including the choice of whether to be a patient in the first place. We are becoming increasingly aware of all that can befall patients in the course of their illness when information is denied or distorted. Dying patients especially—who are easiest to mislead and most often kept in the dark—can then not make decision about the end of life: about whether or not they should enter a hospital, or have surgery; about where and with whom they should spend their remaining time; about how they should bring their affairs to close and take leave. Lies also do harm to those who tell them: harm to their integrity and, in the long run, to their credibility. Lies hurt their colleagues as well. The suspicion of deceit undercuts the work of the many doctors who are scrupulously honest with their patients; it contributes to the spiral of lawsuits and of "defensive medicine," and thus it injure, in turn, the entire medical profession. Sharp conflicts are now arising. Patients are learning to press for answers. Patients’ bills of rights require that they be informed about their condition and about alternatives for treatment. Many doctors go to great eloquent bill of rights, believers in benevolent deception continue their age-old practices. Colleagues may disapprove but refrain from objecting. Nurses may bitterly resent having to take part, day after day, in deceiving patients, but feel powerless to take a stand. There is urgent need to debate this issue openly. Not only in medicine, but in other professions as well, practitioners may find themselves repeatedly in difficulty where serious consequences seem avoidable only through deception. Yet the public has every reason, to be wary of professional deception, for such practices are peculiarly likely to become deeply rooted, to or the social sciences can there be comfort in the old saying, "what you don’t know can’t hurt you."(737 words) According to the text, a patients’ bill of rights requires that patients be in formed of ______.
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British postmen and milkmen have a reputation for being cheerful. As they both arrive very early in the morning, when you are perhaps not feeling very good-tempered, their loud knocking and boring whistling may get on your nerves. Of course there are some gloomy postmen, who make you think that every letter contains sad news, but the majority are pleasant, this is quite surprising, because delivering the mail each morning is a job which is not very well paid and there are a great many problems. The city postman has to go on foot, not only along streets but also up and down stairs, as many blocks of flats still have no tilts and downstairs letterbox. If he has a registered letter to deliver, he has to wait for someone to come to the door to sign for it. That person may greet him in a mast unfriendly way if he has just been woken from a deep sleep very early in the morning. In the country, a postman may have a bicycle or a small van, so he does not have to walk so far, but nevertheless he has his problems too. It is very annoying to be compelled to go all the way to an isolated house simply to deliver a postcard or a circular, when this makes the journey half an hour longer, in winter, weather conditions are bad, but the postman must carry on in the rain or the snow. Sometimes it is impossible to use a van or a bicycle in these conditions, and he has to do his round on foot, like this city colleague. Most country people keep a dog. Although there may be a notice on the gate, ’BEWARE OF THE DOG’ this is of little help to the postman. He is forced to go in, whether the dog is dangerous or not. So every day the country postman knows that, if the dog is not safely tied up, it may bite him on the leg or tear his trousers. The receiver must sign for ______.
Nearly everyone agrees that money doesn’t buy as much as it used to, no matter were you want to spend it. This is certainly true of the paper money that passes so quickly through one’ s hands. Inflation eats away its buying power just as the steady appetite of waves chews at sand cliffs. But what about coins that seem to do very little except make purses and pockets untidy Unlike notes, metal money becomes more valuable the longer it is held, especially if it is put away where it won’t get scratched or worn. Why is this One reason is that coins, being more durable, fall more readily into a category for collections. Naturally, the rarer gold pieces must become more valuable as the price of this metal goes up. But, curiously, one of the rarest coins in the world is not made of gold, but of the relatively cheaper silver. In 1840, the United States mint struck 19,570 silver dollars. That is what its records show. Today only six of this original number remain solid these are unlikely ever to the auction market. So what happened to some 19,564 ladle silver coins, not the easiest sort of things to lose One of the more romantic theories is that they were part of the payment to Napoleon for the American territory then known as Louisiana. But they never reached France. Somewhere in the Gulf of Mexico, the ship transporting them was sunk, either by a storm or by pirates. The probable answer to the mystery is that they were melted down--since the silver value was greater than the actual value of the coin. What really happened to the rest will probably always remain a mystery. What is known is that whoever can come up with one will find himself instantly rich. Coins becomes more valuable because ______.
British postmen and milkmen have a reputation for being cheerful. As they both arrive very early in the morning, when you are perhaps not feeling very good-tempered, their loud knocking and boring whistling may get on your nerves. Of course there are some gloomy postmen, who make you think that every letter contains sad news, but the majority are pleasant, this is quite surprising, because delivering the mail each morning is a job which is not very well paid and there are a great many problems. The city postman has to go on foot, not only along streets but also up and down stairs, as many blocks of flats still have no tilts and downstairs letterbox. If he has a registered letter to deliver, he has to wait for someone to come to the door to sign for it. That person may greet him in a mast unfriendly way if he has just been woken from a deep sleep very early in the morning. In the country, a postman may have a bicycle or a small van, so he does not have to walk so far, but nevertheless he has his problems too. It is very annoying to be compelled to go all the way to an isolated house simply to deliver a postcard or a circular, when this makes the journey half an hour longer, in winter, weather conditions are bad, but the postman must carry on in the rain or the snow. Sometimes it is impossible to use a van or a bicycle in these conditions, and he has to do his round on foot, like this city colleague. Most country people keep a dog. Although there may be a notice on the gate, ’BEWARE OF THE DOG’ this is of little help to the postman. He is forced to go in, whether the dog is dangerous or not. So every day the country postman knows that, if the dog is not safely tied up, it may bite him on the leg or tear his trousers. The city postman is forced to walk up and down a lot of stain because ______.
Sad stories are net very pleasant to read about, but if we think and talk about them, we may be able to prevent more accidents. How can fire or hot things be a danger in the house Matches, of course, are always dangerous in the hands of young children. A little fire on waste land can easily get out of control. A wind comes, sparks are blown on to the roof of a house, and the whole building may be burnt to the ground before you can even call the Fire Brigade. Kerosene lamps, too, can be very dangerous. Quite recently there was a bad accident in a village house. The mosquito net over a baby’ s cot was blown against a lamp end caught fire. The bedclothes and even the clothes of the baby were burnt before the fire was discovered. Long grass and rubbish round a house can also lead to a disastrous fire, as most people know. However, not everybody is careful with such things as celluloid masks and toys; these burn up in a flash if you hold them near a flame. Young children often reach up to a table to take a saucepan down by the handle. If the saucepan or pot is full of boiling water, you can guess what well happen. Similarly, when a baby’s bath is prepared, cold water should be put in first. If any hot water has to be used, this should be put into the bath after the cold water end not before it. Many fireworks can lead to blindness or other injuries, especially those which are pushed into bamboo sticks. Catapults and wooden spears or swords should be used only by children with sense enough not to injure other people. Very young children often have to be watched carefully. They put everything they find into their mouths to see whether it can be eaten, sucked, or licked! Medicines have to be put out of their reach. A pill or some ointment which might be harmless for an adult can sometimes kill a baby. Older children have to be careful when drinking from a bottle. Some of them walk about as they drink, tip up the bottle to get the last drop out, then trip ever something on the ground. If they are unlucky, they fall in such a way that the broken glass makes a horrible wound in the face or neck. This is not a complete list of the dangers in end near a house, but it is enough to remind you to be careful. The main idea of the story is that ______.
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