题目内容
Americans suffer from an overdose of work.【C1】______who they are or what they do, they spend【C2】______time at work than at any time since World War II . In 1950, the US had fewer working hours than any other【C3】______country. Today, it【C4】______every country but Japan, where industrial employees log 2,155 hours a year compared【C5】______1, 951 in the US and 1,603【C6】______West employees. Between 1969 and 1989, employed American【C7】______an average of 138 hours to their yearly work schedules. The work-week【C8】______at about 40 hours, but people are working more weeks each year. 【C9】______paid time off — holidays, vacations, sick leave —【C10】______15 percent in the 1990s. As corporations have【C11】______stiffer competition and slower growth in productivity, they would【C12】______employees to work longer. Cost-cutting layoffs in the 1980s【C13】______the professional and managerial ranks, leaving fewer people to get the job done. In lower-paid occupations【C14】______wages have been reduced, workers have added hours【C15】______overtime or extra jobs to【C16】______their living standard. The government estimates that more than seven million people hold a second job. For the first time, large【C17】______of people say they want to cut【C18】______on working hours, even if it means earning less money. But most employers are【C19】______to let them do so. The government which has stepped back from its traditional【C20】______as a regulator of work time, should take steps to make shorter hours possible. 【C5】
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Recent years have brought minority-owned businesses in the United States unprecedented opportunities — as well as new and significant risks. Civil rights activists have long argued that one of the principal reasons why Blacks, Hispanics, and other minority groups have difficulty establishing themselves in business is that they lack access to the sizable orders and subcontracts that are generated by large companies. Now Congress, in apparent agreement, has required by law that businesses awarded federal contracts of more than $ 1,000,000 do their best to find minority subcontractors and record their efforts to do so on forms filed with the government. Indeed, some federal and local agencies have gone so far as to set specific percentage goals for apportioning parts of public works contracts to minority enterprises. Corporate response appears to have been substantial. According to figures collected in 1997, the total of corporate contracts with minority businesses rose from $177 million in 1992 to $2.2 billion in 1997. The projected total of corporate contracts with minority businesses for the early 2000"s is estimated to be over 70 billion per year with no letup anticipated in the next decade. Promising as it is for minority businesses, this increased patronage poses dangers for them, too. First, minority firms risk expanding too fast and overextending themselves financially, since most are small concerns and, unlike large businesses, they often need to make substantial investments in new plants, staff, equipment, and the like in order to perform work subcontracted to them. If, thereafter, their subcontracts are for some reason reduced, such firms can face potentially crippling fixed expenses. The world of corporate purchasing can be frustrating for small entrepreneurs who get requests for elaborate formal estimates and bids. Both consume valuable time and resources, and a small company"s efforts must soon result in orders, or both the morale and the financial health of the business will suffer. A second risk is that White-owned companies may seek to cash in on the increasing apportionments through formation of joint ventures with minority-owned concerns. Of course, in many instances there are legitimate reasons for joint ventures; clearly, White and minority enterprises can team up to acquire business that neither could acquire alone. But civil rights groups and minority business owners have complained to Congress about minorities being set up as "fronts" with White backing, rather than being accepted as full partners in legitimate joint ventures. Third, a minority enterprise that secures the business of one large corporate customer often runs the danger of becoming — and remaining — dependent. Even in the best of circumstances, fierce competition from larger, more established companies makes it difficult for small concerns to broaden their customer bases: when such firms have nearly guaranteed orders from a single corporate benefactor, they may truly have to struggle against complacency arising from their current success. Which of the following is a danger to minority businesses
Americans suffer from an overdose of work.【C1】______who they are or what they do, they spend【C2】______time at work than at any time since World War II . In 1950, the US had fewer working hours than any other【C3】______country. Today, it【C4】______every country but Japan, where industrial employees log 2,155 hours a year compared【C5】______1, 951 in the US and 1,603【C6】______West employees. Between 1969 and 1989, employed American【C7】______an average of 138 hours to their yearly work schedules. The work-week【C8】______at about 40 hours, but people are working more weeks each year. 【C9】______paid time off — holidays, vacations, sick leave —【C10】______15 percent in the 1990s. As corporations have【C11】______stiffer competition and slower growth in productivity, they would【C12】______employees to work longer. Cost-cutting layoffs in the 1980s【C13】______the professional and managerial ranks, leaving fewer people to get the job done. In lower-paid occupations【C14】______wages have been reduced, workers have added hours【C15】______overtime or extra jobs to【C16】______their living standard. The government estimates that more than seven million people hold a second job. For the first time, large【C17】______of people say they want to cut【C18】______on working hours, even if it means earning less money. But most employers are【C19】______to let them do so. The government which has stepped back from its traditional【C20】______as a regulator of work time, should take steps to make shorter hours possible. 【C4】
When the world was a simpler place, the rich were fat, the poor were thin, and right-thinking people worried about how to feed the hungry. Now, in much of the world, the rich are thin, the poor are fat, and right-thinking people are worrying about obesity. Evolution is mostly to blame. It has designed mankind to cope with deprivation, not plenty. People are perfectly tuned to store energy in good years to see them through lean ones. But when bad times never come, they are stuck with that energy, stored around their expanding bellies. Thanks to rising agricultural productivity, lean years are rarer all over the globe. Modern-day Malthusians, who used to draw graphs proving that the world was shortly going to run out of food, have gone rather quiet lately. According to the UN, the number of people short of food fell from 920m in 1980 to 799m 20 years later, even though the world"s population increased by 1. 6 billion over the period. This is mostly a cause for celebration. Mankind has won what was, for most of his time on this planet, his biggest battle: to ensure that he and his offspring had enough to eat. But every silver lining has a cloud, and the consequence of prosperity is a new plague that brings with it a host of interesting policy dilemmas. As a scourge of the modern world, obesity has an image problem. It is easier to associate with Father Christmas than with the four horses of the Apocalypse. But it has a good claim to lumber along beside them, for it is the world"s biggest public-health issue today — the main cause of heart disease, which kills more people these days than AIDS, malaria, war; the principal risk factor in diabetes; heavily implicated in cancer and other diseases. Since the World Health Organisation labeled obesity an "epidemic" in 2000, reports on its fearful consequences have come thick and fast. Will public-health warnings, combined with media pressure, persuade people to get thinner, just as they finally put them off tobacco Possibly. In the rich world, sales of healthier foods are booming and new figures suggest that over the past year Americans got very slightly thinner for the first time in recorded history. But even if Americans are losing a few ounces, it will be many years before the country solves the health problems caused by half a century"s dining to excess. And, everywhere else in the world, people are still piling on the pounds. That"s why there is now a consensus among doctors that governments should do something to stop them. What does the author mean by "people are still piling on the pounds"
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