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In the United States, older people rarely live with their adult children. But in many other cultures children are expected to care (51) their aged parents. In some parts of Italy, the percentage of adult children who (52) with their parents reach 65 to 70 percent. In Thailand, too, children are expected to care for their elderly parents ;few Thai elderly live (53) . What explains these differences in living arrangements (54) cultures Modernization theory (55) the extended family household to low levels of economic development. In traditional societies, the elderly live with their children in large extended family units for economic reasons. But with modernization, children move to urban areas, leaving old people behind in (56) rural areas. Yet modernization theory cannot explain why extended family households were never common in the United States or England, or why families in Italy, which is fully modemized, (57) a strong tradition of intergenerational living. Clearly, economic development alone cannot explain (58) living arrangements. Another theory associated intergenerational living arrangements with inheritance patterns. In some cultures, the stem family pattem of inheritance predominates. (59) this system, parents live with a married child, usually the oldest son, who then (60) their property when they die. The stem family system was once common in Japan, but changes in inheritance laws, as well as broader social changes brought (61) by industrialization and urbanization, have (62) the tradition. In 1960about 80 percent of Japanese over 65 lived with their children; by 1990 only 60 percent did - a figure that is still high (63) U.S. standards, but which has been (64) steadily. In Korea, too, traditional living arrangements are (65) : the percentage of aged Koreans who live with a son declined from 77 percent in 1984 to 50 percent just 10 years later. Although most elderly Koreans still expect to live with a son, their adult children do not expect to live with their children when they grow old.
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In the United States, older people rarely live with their adult children. But in many other cultures children are expected to care (51) their aged parents. In some parts of Italy, the percentage of adult children who (52) with their parents reach 65 to 70 percent. In Thailand, too, children are expected to care for their elderly parents ;few Thai elderly live (53) . What explains these differences in living arrangements (54) cultures Modernization theory (55) the extended family household to low levels of economic development. In traditional societies, the elderly live with their children in large extended family units for economic reasons. But with modernization, children move to urban areas, leaving old people behind in (56) rural areas. Yet modernization theory cannot explain why extended family households were never common in the United States or England, or why families in Italy, which is fully modemized, (57) a strong tradition of intergenerational living. Clearly, economic development alone cannot explain (58) living arrangements. Another theory associated intergenerational living arrangements with inheritance patterns. In some cultures, the stem family pattem of inheritance predominates. (59) this system, parents live with a married child, usually the oldest son, who then (60) their property when they die. The stem family system was once common in Japan, but changes in inheritance laws, as well as broader social changes brought (61) by industrialization and urbanization, have (62) the tradition. In 1960about 80 percent of Japanese over 65 lived with their children; by 1990 only 60 percent did - a figure that is still high (63) U.S. standards, but which has been (64) steadily. In Korea, too, traditional living arrangements are (65) : the percentage of aged Koreans who live with a son declined from 77 percent in 1984 to 50 percent just 10 years later. Although most elderly Koreans still expect to live with a son, their adult children do not expect to live with their children when they grow old.
3. With Genetic Gift, 2 Monkeys Are Viewing a More Colorful World Dalton and Sam are male squirrel monkeys, about a foot tall. (46) Dalton and Sam lead a more protected life in the laboratory of Jay and Maureen Neitz at the University of Washington, Seattle. Recently, the Neitzes endowed them with a new genetic gift : the ability to see the world with full color vision. Male squirrel monkeys have only two of the color pigments (色素) known as opsins (视蛋白), unlike people who have three. The Neitzes, with Katherine Mancuso and other colleagues, used the technique of gene therapy to introduce the gene for the missing red pigment into the cone cells of the monkeys’ retinas (视网膜). (47) It was somewhat surprising that the monkeys’ brains could take advantage of a third opsin. The retina, however, seems to work by recording the difference between the signals from neighboring cones, the cells that detect color. (48) New World male monkeys like Dalton and Sam are chromatically challenged because their ancestors split off from Old World primates before full color vision evolved. At the time of the split, primates had only two visual pigments, one that is particularly sensitive to blue light and another that responds best to either green or red, depending on which variant of the gene is inherited. (49) The gene for the red or green opsin was duplicated, allowing individuals to see red and green instead of just one or the other. New World monkeys never developed the duplicated gene, but many females have full color vision nevertheless. The reason is that the red/green opsin gene lies on the X chromosome, so females who inherit a different version from each parent have both red and green opsins along with the blue opsin on another chromosome (染色体). (50) A. But males, with only one X chromosome, inherit just one variant of the red/green opsin - the green in the case of Dalton and Sam.B. Several months after the therapy, Dalton and Sam were able to see a world in which red hues (颜色) were visible and oranges no longer looked like lemons, the researchers say in the current issue of Nature.C. Their ancestors lived by eating fruit and insects in the forest canopy (树荫) of Central and South America.D. After the split, which began with the opening of the Atlantic between Africa and South America some 150 million years ago, the Old World primates benefited from a genetic accident.E. So the extra opsin gene given to Dalton and Sam would have changed the signal from affected cones and hence the message forwarded from the retina to the visual cortex in the brain.F. The monkey experiment would help researchers understand the circuitry used by the primate brain to analyze color.
In the United States, older people rarely live with their adult children. But in many other cultures children are expected to care (51) their aged parents. In some parts of Italy, the percentage of adult children who (52) with their parents reach 65 to 70 percent. In Thailand, too, children are expected to care for their elderly parents ;few Thai elderly live (53) . What explains these differences in living arrangements (54) cultures Modernization theory (55) the extended family household to low levels of economic development. In traditional societies, the elderly live with their children in large extended family units for economic reasons. But with modernization, children move to urban areas, leaving old people behind in (56) rural areas. Yet modernization theory cannot explain why extended family households were never common in the United States or England, or why families in Italy, which is fully modemized, (57) a strong tradition of intergenerational living. Clearly, economic development alone cannot explain (58) living arrangements. Another theory associated intergenerational living arrangements with inheritance patterns. In some cultures, the stem family pattem of inheritance predominates. (59) this system, parents live with a married child, usually the oldest son, who then (60) their property when they die. The stem family system was once common in Japan, but changes in inheritance laws, as well as broader social changes brought (61) by industrialization and urbanization, have (62) the tradition. In 1960about 80 percent of Japanese over 65 lived with their children; by 1990 only 60 percent did - a figure that is still high (63) U.S. standards, but which has been (64) steadily. In Korea, too, traditional living arrangements are (65) : the percentage of aged Koreans who live with a son declined from 77 percent in 1984 to 50 percent just 10 years later. Although most elderly Koreans still expect to live with a son, their adult children do not expect to live with their children when they grow old.
In the United States, older people rarely live with their adult children. But in many other cultures children are expected to care (51) their aged parents. In some parts of Italy, the percentage of adult children who (52) with their parents reach 65 to 70 percent. In Thailand, too, children are expected to care for their elderly parents ;few Thai elderly live (53) . What explains these differences in living arrangements (54) cultures Modernization theory (55) the extended family household to low levels of economic development. In traditional societies, the elderly live with their children in large extended family units for economic reasons. But with modernization, children move to urban areas, leaving old people behind in (56) rural areas. Yet modernization theory cannot explain why extended family households were never common in the United States or England, or why families in Italy, which is fully modemized, (57) a strong tradition of intergenerational living. Clearly, economic development alone cannot explain (58) living arrangements. Another theory associated intergenerational living arrangements with inheritance patterns. In some cultures, the stem family pattem of inheritance predominates. (59) this system, parents live with a married child, usually the oldest son, who then (60) their property when they die. The stem family system was once common in Japan, but changes in inheritance laws, as well as broader social changes brought (61) by industrialization and urbanization, have (62) the tradition. In 1960about 80 percent of Japanese over 65 lived with their children; by 1990 only 60 percent did - a figure that is still high (63) U.S. standards, but which has been (64) steadily. In Korea, too, traditional living arrangements are (65) : the percentage of aged Koreans who live with a son declined from 77 percent in 1984 to 50 percent just 10 years later. Although most elderly Koreans still expect to live with a son, their adult children do not expect to live with their children when they grow old.
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