题目内容
Think of the ocean on a calm day. Ignoring the rise and fall of the waves, you might imagine the surface was dead flat the whole way across. You’d be wrong. Hills and valleys are as much as a feature of the sea as the land, although on a much smaller scale. These undulations have a variety of causes. Tides, currents, eddies, winds, river flow and changes in salinity and temperature push the sea level up in some places and down in others by as much as 2 meters. Ever tried swimming uphill How do we map these oceanic hills and valleys First, we need to know what the planet would look like without them. This is where the geoid (大地水准面) comes in. It is a surface where the Earth’s gravitational potential is equal and which best fits the global mean sea level. It is approximately an ellipsoid, though uneven distribution of mass within the Earth means that it can vary from this ideal by up to 150 meters. The geoid represents the shape the sea surface would be if the oceans were net moving and affected only by gravity. Thus it can be used as a reference to measure any deviations in the ocean surface height that aren’t caused by gravity—the hills and valleys, for instance, or any regional increase in sea level. So how do you measure the geoid and the ocean’s irregular topography It’s complicated. Geophysicists calculate the geoid using data on variation in gravitational acceleration from several dozen satellites. The hills and valleys of the oceans are all very interesting, but can the geoid tell us anything more significant about the state of the planet It certainly can. Knowing accurately where the geoid lies and how the Ocean surface deviates from it will help meteorologists spot changes in Ocean currents associated with climate change. The circumpolar current around Antarctic is one they are particularly interested in. It can also predict local climate variations produced by events such as El Nino, El Nino keeps warm water that would normally move westwards close to the coast of South America, deprives Southeast Asia of its monsoon rains, and increases rainfall on the west coast of the Ametlca. Since temperature changes cause changes in sea level, geoid-watchers should be able to prepare us before it strikes. According to the passage, geoid may be helpful in all the following areas EXCEFT______.
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Think of the ocean on a calm day. Ignoring the rise and fall of the waves, you might imagine the surface was dead flat the whole way across. You’d be wrong. Hills and valleys are as much as a feature of the sea as the land, although on a much smaller scale. These undulations have a variety of causes. Tides, currents, eddies, winds, river flow and changes in salinity and temperature push the sea level up in some places and down in others by as much as 2 meters. Ever tried swimming uphill How do we map these oceanic hills and valleys First, we need to know what the planet would look like without them. This is where the geoid (大地水准面) comes in. It is a surface where the Earth’s gravitational potential is equal and which best fits the global mean sea level. It is approximately an ellipsoid, though uneven distribution of mass within the Earth means that it can vary from this ideal by up to 150 meters. The geoid represents the shape the sea surface would be if the oceans were net moving and affected only by gravity. Thus it can be used as a reference to measure any deviations in the ocean surface height that aren’t caused by gravity—the hills and valleys, for instance, or any regional increase in sea level. So how do you measure the geoid and the ocean’s irregular topography It’s complicated. Geophysicists calculate the geoid using data on variation in gravitational acceleration from several dozen satellites. The hills and valleys of the oceans are all very interesting, but can the geoid tell us anything more significant about the state of the planet It certainly can. Knowing accurately where the geoid lies and how the Ocean surface deviates from it will help meteorologists spot changes in Ocean currents associated with climate change. The circumpolar current around Antarctic is one they are particularly interested in. It can also predict local climate variations produced by events such as El Nino, El Nino keeps warm water that would normally move westwards close to the coast of South America, deprives Southeast Asia of its monsoon rains, and increases rainfall on the west coast of the Ametlca. Since temperature changes cause changes in sea level, geoid-watchers should be able to prepare us before it strikes. From the first paragraph, we can learn that______.
One morning, a few years ago, Harvard President Neil Rudenstine overslept. After years of non-stop toil in an atmosphere that rewarded frantic overwork, Rudenstine collapsed. Only after a 3-month sabbatical--during which he read essayist Lewis Thomas, listened to Ravel and walked with his wife on a Caribbean beach—was he able to return to his post. That week, his picture was on the cover of Newsweek magazine beside the banner headline "Exhausted"! In the relentless busyness of modern life, we have lost the rhythm between action and rest. I speak with people in business and education, doctors and day-care workers, shopkeepers and social workers, parents and teachers, nurses and lawyers, students and therapists, community activists and cooks. 71. Remarkably, there is a universal refrain: "I am So busy." The more our life speeds up, the more we feel weary, overwhelmed and lost. Today our life and work rarely feel light, pleasant or healing. Instead, the whole experience of being alive begins to melt into one enormous obligation. It becomes the standard greeting everywhere: "I am so busy." We say this to one another with no small degree of pride. The busier we are, the more important we seem to ourselves and, we imagine, to others. To be unavailable to our friends and family, to be unable to find time for the sunset (or even to know that the sun has set at all), to whiz through our obligations without time for a single mindful breath—this has become the model of a successful life. 72. Because we do not rest, we lose our way. We lose the nourishment that gives us succor. We miss the quiet that gives us wisdom. Poisoned by the hypnotic belief that good things come on- ly through tireless effort, we never truly rest. This is not the world we dreamed of when we were young. How did we get so terribly rushed in a world saturated with work and responsibility, yet somehow bereft of joy and delight We have forgotten the Sabbath. Sabbath is the time that consecrated to enjoy and celebrate what is beautiful and good—time to light candles, sing songs, worship, tell stories,, bless our children and loved ones, give thanks, share meals, nap, walk and even make love. It is time to be nourished and refreshed as We let our work, our chores and our important projects lie fallow, trusting that there are larger forces at work taking care of the world when we are at rest. If certain plant species do not lie dormant during winter, the plant begins to die off. 73. Rest is not just a psychological convenience; it is a biological necessity. So "Remember the Sabbath" is more than simply a lifestyle suggestion. It is a commandment, an ethical precept as serious as prohibitions against killing, stealing and lying. Sabbath is more than the absence of work. Many of us, in our desperate drive to be successful and care for our many responsibilities, feel terrible guilt when we take time to rest. But the Sabbath has proven its wisdom over the ages. Many of us still recall when, not long ago, shops and offices were closed on Sundays. Those quiet Sunday afternoons are embedded in our cultural memory. Much of modern life is specifically designed to seduce our attention away from rest. When we are in the world with our eyes wide open, the seductions are insatiable. Hundreds of channels of cable and satellite television; phones with multiple lines and call-waiting, begging us to talk to more than one person at a time; mail, e-mail and overnight mail; fax machines; billboards; magazines; newspapers; radio. For those of us with children, there are endless soccer practices, baseball games, homework, laundry, housecleaning, errands. Every responsibility, every stimulus competes for our attention: Buy me. Do me. Watch me. Try me. Drink me. It is as if we have inadvertently stumbled into some horrific wonderland.
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