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In 1975 the Congress of the United States passed the Education of All Handicapped Children Act, a (1) document in special education that has since (2) numerous amendments. A 1990 amendment renamed the law the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). IDEA requires public schools (3) a free and appropriate education to all disabled children. The law also requires that all children with disabilities between the ages of 3 and 21 receive support services, such as (4) or physical therapy, (5) the type or seriousness of their disability. (6) the provisions of IDEA, schools must (7) all children with disabilities. To do this school officials provide each child with a comprehensive (8) conducted by teachers, the parents, and appropriate specialists, such as children with speech difficulties. IDEA also requires schools to give parents the opportunity to assist in the development and (9) of their child’s education plan. The plan specifies goals for the student’s education, methods to achieve those goals, and services to be provided. Each student’s education plan is reviewed (10) . To the maximum extent appropriate, a child with a disability must be educated with children who do not have disabilities. In addition, IDEA requires that older children with disabilities receive transition services to assist in the change from school to adult activities, (11) employment, continuing education, and finding a place to live. IDEA provides federal financial support for schools to develop special education programs. Other federal laws prohibit discrimination (12) disability. Section 504 of the Act of 1973 (13) discrimination against individuals with disabilities in public schools and any other federally supported programs. The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 ensures (14) for individuals with disabilities in all (15) life, including education, the workplace, transportation, and telecommunications.
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Leo Tolstoy was a Russian writer and moral philosopher, and one of the world’s greatest novelists. He was born on April 30,1828 and died on Feb. 14, 1910. His writings (1) influenced much of 20th-century literature, and his moral (2) helped shape the thinking of several important (3) and political leaders. Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy was born (4) a family of noble landowners at his family (5) south of Moscow. His early education came from tutors at home, but after the deaths of his parents in the 1830s, he was (6) by relatives. He entered Kazan’ University when he was 16 but preferred to educate himself independently, and in 1847 he (7) his studies without finishing his degree. His next 15 years were very (8) . Tolstoy returned to manage the family estate, with the determination to improve himself (9) and physically. Alter less than two years, however, he abandoned rural life (10) the pleasures of Moscow. In 1851 Tolstoy traveled to the Caucasus, a region then part of southern Russia, (11) his brother was serving in the army. He was (12) as a volunteer, serving with distinction in the Crimean War from 1853 to 1856. Tolstoy began his literary career during his army service, and his first work, the semiautobiographical short novel Childhood (13) was published in 1852, brought him fame. A series of other stories (14) , and when he left the army in 1856 he was acknowledged as a rising new talent in literature. Tolstoy achieved great literary fame during his lifetime, both in Russia and abroad. Thirty-one translations of his works (15) in the year 1887 alone. The most significant part of Tolstoy’s legacy may be his defense of the individual personality.
Most American magazines and newspapers reserve 60 percent of their pages for ads. The New York Times Sunday edition (1) may contain 350 pages of advertisements. Some radio stations devote 40 minutes of every hour to (2) . Then there is television. According to one estimate, American youngsters sit (3) three hours of television commercials each week. By the time they graduate from high school, they will have been (4) 360,000 TV ads. Televisions advertise in airports, hospital waiting rooms, and schools. Major sporting (5) are now major advertising events. Racing cars serve as high speed (6) Some athletes receive most of their money from advertisers. One (7) basketball player earned $ 3.9 million by playing ball. Advertisers paid him nine times that much to (8) their products. There is no escape. Commercial ads are displayed on wails, buses, and trucks. They decorate the inside of taxis and subways—even the doors of public toilets. (9) messages call to us in supermarkets, stores, elevators—and (10) we. are on hold on the telephone. In some countries so much advertising comes through the mail that many recipients proceed directly from the mailbox to the nearest wastebasket to (11) the junk mail. (12) Insider’s Report, published by McCann-Erickson, a global advertising agency, the estimated (13) of money spent on advertising worldwide in 1990 was $275.5 billion. Since then, the figures have (14) to $ 411.6 billion for 1997 and a projected $434.4 billion for 1998. Big money ! What is the effect of all of this One analyst (15) it this way: "Advertising is one of the most powerful socializing forces in the culture. Ads sell more than products. They sell images, values, goals, concepts of who we are and who we should be. They shape our attitudes and our attitudes shape our behavior. "
Ironically, in the United States, a country of immigrants, prejudice and discrimination continue to be serious problems. There was often (1) between each established group of (2) and each succeeding group. As each group became (3) financially successful, and more powerful, they (4) newcomers from full participation in the society. Prejudice and discrimination are (5) U.S. history, (6) , this prejudicial treatment of different groups is (7) more unjust than with black Americans. Blacks had distinct (8) . For the most part, they came to the "land of opportunity" as slaves and were not free to keep their (9) and cultural traditions. (10) most European immigrants, blacks did not have the protection of a support group; sometimes slave owners separated members of (11) family. They could not mix easily with the (12) society either because of their skin color. It was difficult for them to (13) the American culture. Even after they became flee people, they were still discriminated (14) in employment, housing, education, and even in public (15) , such as restrooms.
Robert J. Oppenheimer was a famous American physicist, who directed the (1) of the first atomic bombs. Oppenheimer was born in New York City on April 22, 1904, and was educated at Harvard University and the universities of Cambridge. After (2) the International Education Board from 1928 to 1929, he became a professor of physics at the University of California and the California Institute of Technology, where he built up large (3) of theoretical physics. He was noted for his contributions (4) to the theory of relativity, cosmic rays, and neutron stars. From 1943 to 1945 , Oppenheimer served as director of the atomic bomb project at Los Alamos, New Mexico. His leadership and organizational skills (5) him the Presidential Medal of Merit in 1946. In 1947 he became director of the Institute for Advanced Studies in Princeton, New Jersey, serving there (6) the year before his death. He was also chairman of the General Advisory Committee of the Atomic Energy Commission from 1947 to 1952 and served (7) as an adviser. In 1954, however, he was suspended from this position (8) his past association with Communists. This action (9) the political atmosphere of the time, as well as the dislike of some politicians and military (10) for Oppenheimer’s opposition to development of the hydrogen bomb and his (11) of arms control. His (12) was not really in doubt. (13) , efforts were made to clear his name, and in 1963 the AEC (14) him its highest honor, the Enrico Fermi Award. Oppenheimer (15) his final years to study of the relationship between science and society. He died in Princeton on February 18, 1967.
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