Section B
Directions: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D.
听力原文: According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment.
Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of "natural leaders". It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group.
Research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals, Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to "get things done". Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective well being of a social group's members. Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them.
As the difference in these two roles suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a more distant respect.
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A. The problems faced by leaders.
B. How leadership differs in small and large groups.
C. How social groups determine who will lead them.
D. The role of leaders in social groups.
A.Look at photographs in the library.B.Take a drug that prevents rashes.C.Avoid certai
A. Look at photographs in the library.
B. Take a drug that prevents rashes.
C. Avoid certain foods.
D. Stay out of the woods.
听力原文: Going online is a favorite recreation for millions of American children. The Internet both entertains and educates children, however, there are some possible negative consequences for children who access kid-based websites. Advertising on kid-based websites has become both a rapidly growing market for consumer companies and a concern for parents. With a dick on an icon, children can link to advertisers and be granted tremendous spending power. Children are an important target group for consumer companies. Children under age 12 spent $14 billion, teenagers another $ 67 billion, and together they influenced $160 billion of their parents' incomes.
Many critics question the appropriateness of targeting children in Internet advertising and press to require that children be treated as a "special case" by advertisers. Because children lack the analytical abilities and judgment of adults, they may be unable to evaluate the accuracy of information they view, or understand that the information they provide to advertisers is really just data collected by an advertiser.
In return, many advertisers argue that we underestimate the levels of media awareness shown by children. By the age of seven or eight most children can recognize an advertisement and know that its purpose is to sell something and are able to make judgments about the products shown in advertisements. However, as marketers, we should be explicit about our purpose when advertising to children on the Internet.
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A. Children are unable to analyze and judge advertisements.
B. Children are unable to give consent since they are too young.
Children often give off information that may be dangerous to them.
D. Children are not ready to evaluate advertisements or information requests.
M: But advertisers keep finding ways around the law. Some years ago one cigarette ad showed a deer smoking. But it was dressed in a university sweater. Obviously the ad is trying to attract young people.
Q: What does the man mean?
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Advertisers try to find the law to support them.
B. Advertisers used deer in ads to show the cigarette is even liked by deer.
C. The university sweater is another way of advertising.
D. Advertisers think of ways to avoid breaking the law even though their acts are illegal to some extent.