题目内容
We all know that the normal human daily cycle of activity is of some 7-8 hours' sleep alternating with some 16 to 17 hours' wakefulness and that, broadly speaking, the sleep normally coincides with the hours of darkness. Our present concern is with how easily and to what extent this cycle can be modified.
The question is not mere academic one. The case, for example, with which people can change from working in the day to working at night is a question of growing importance in industry where automation calls insistently for round-the-clock working of machines. It normally takes from five days to one week for a person to adapt to reversed routine of sleep and wakefulness, sleeping during the day and working at night. Unfortunately, it is often the ease in industry tint shifts are changed every week; a person may work from 12 midnight to 8 a.m. one week, 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. the next, and 4 p.m. to 12 midnight the third and so on. This means that no sooner has he got used to one routine than he has to change to another, so that much of his time is spent neither working nor sleeping very efficiently.
One answer would seem to be longer periods on each shift, a month, or even three months. Recent research by Bonjer of the Netherlands, however, has shown that people on such systems will revert to their normal habits of sleep and wakefulness during the weekend and that this is quite enough to destroy any adaptation to night work built up during the week.
The only real solution appears to be to hand over the night shift to a corps of permanent night workers whose nocturnal wakefulness may persist through all weekends and holidays. An interesting study of the domestic life and health of night-shift workers was carried out by Brown. She found a high incidence of disturbed sleep, digestive discord and domestic disruption among those on alternating day and night shifts, but no abnormal occurrence of these symptoms among those on permanent night work.
The article is mainly about ______.
查看答案
搜索结果不匹配？点我反馈
更多问题
Man is the only【B1】that laughs. Why is this true？ What makes us respond as we do to pleasurable experiences？ What is the history of this "happy convulsion", as someone once【B2】it, and just what is its function？
We are not short【B3】theories to explain the mystery; For centuries, biologists, psychologists, and medical men have been seeking a definitive explanation of laughter. One writer put【B4】the theory that its function is to frighten others or to humiliate them. Another took the opposite【B5】that we laugh in order not to cry. A psychologist offered the explanation that laughter functions【B6】a remedy to painful experiences, and that it serves to protect a person【B7】what the psychologist called "the many minor pains to which man is exposed". In the seventeenth century a writer set【B8】the theory that we laugh when we compare ourselves with others and find ourselves superior to others; in effect, we laugh at the【B9】of others.
Almost every theory has been concerned【B10】either the structure or the function of laughter,【B11】relatively few have been devoted【B12】the question of its origin. I propose to offer a theory which, so far as I am concerned, has not previously been set forth.【B13】only those animals capable of speech are capable of laughter; and that therefore man, being the only animal that【B14】, is the only animal that can laugh.
Those of us who have【B15】chimpanzees closely feel quite confident that chimpanzees occasionally【B16】behavior. that looks very much like a primitive human laughter. This【B17】, however, has been observed only in a humanlike way; whether or not it is laughter is doubtful; but the【B18】fact that under any condition an ape is capable of【B19】behavior. is no more than passing interest—for【B20】only indicates that early man had the basic laughter.
【B1】
听力原文： Many university students dislike studying history because there is little to get excited about when historical events are presented in a boring manner. However, I'll never forget my American History professor, Dr. Williamson. Each year leapt from the page of our text and became as real as the daily news report on the radio. My favorite lecture concerned the American Revolution. Dr. Williamson set the mood for the story by imitating Paul Revere, a well-known silversmith, working in his shop. The American colonists were angry because of the British control over their lives. Revere felt that war between the British and the colonists was imminent. Then Dr. Williamson told us about Revere rowing across the Charles River from Boston on April 18, 1775. I can see the professor now as he raised his hand to his forehead, as if he were looking across the Charles River to the Old North Church in Boston. Suddenly, Revere spotted two lanterns, a signal which meant that the British would attack by sea. He jumped on- his horse to warn the villagers of the attack. Professor Williamson reminded us that the first battles of the American Revolution were fought at Concord and at Lexington, Massachusetts, the year before the Declaration of Independence was signed in 1776. Never before had history seemed so alive to me. And all because a professor cared enough to put his heart into his teaching.
(30)
A．At a hotel.B．In a school.C．At a booking office.D．In a restaurant.
The History of the Olympic Games
Introduction
Today, the Olympic Games are the world's largest exhibition of athletic skill and competitive spirit. They are also displays of nationalism, commerce and politics. Well-known throughout the world, the games have been used to promote understanding and friendship among nations. The Olympic Games started thousands of years ago and lasted over a millennium. The symbolic power of the Games lived on after their interruption, and came to life again as the modem Olympic Games being revived(恢复；复兴) in the last century. Both the modern and ancient Olympics have close similarities in their purpose and in their problems.
Ancient Olympics
The ancient Olympics had some differences from the modern Games. There were fewer events, and only free men who spoke Greek could compete, instead of athletes from any country. Women were not allowed to even watch the games, let alone play in them. Also, the games were always held at Olympia in Greece instead of being moved around to different sites every time. But also they had some similarities to our modem Olympics, winning athletes were heroes who put their hometowns on the map, and became financially sound for life.
The conflict between the Olympic ideals of sportsmanship and unity and the commercialism and political acts which accompany the Games were also present in ancient times. Potades at the ninety-ninth Festival was victorious in the long race and proclaimed a Cretan, as in fact he was. But at the next Festival he made himself an Ephesian, being bribed to do so by the Ephesian people. For this act he was banished(驱逐) by the Cretans. The first Olympic Games at Olympia were held in 776 B.C. According to Hippias of Elis, who edited a list of Olympic winners in 400 B.C., the only event held at the first Olympics was the stadium footrace.
Every four years the games were started on the first full moon after the summer solstice(夏至), lasting for five days. For over 1100 years, from 776 B.C. to 393 A.D., the games were played, thousands of people ceased all warfare and flocked to a small sanctuary(圣殿) in northwestern Greece for five days in the late summer for a single reason, to witness the Olympic Games. During that time, competitors from all over the Greek world competed in a number of athletic events and worshiped the gods at the sanctuary of Olympia. The athletes competed not for money or material goods, although they received them, but only for the honor of being an Olympic victor. An Olympian that had the honor of winning an event was held in high esteem the rest of his lives.
The Olympic Games were held every 4 years, and were never interrupted. The games were even held in 480 B.C. during the Persian Wars. In 146 B.C., the Romans gained control of Greece and, therefore, of the Olympic Games. In 85 B.C., the Roman general Sulla conquered the sanctuary to finance his campaign against Mithridates. Sulla also moved the 175th Olympiad to Rome. The games were held every four years from 776 B.C. to 393 A.D. With the spread of Christianity, the games declined in popularity. They were finally abolished by the Christian Byzantine Emperor Theodosius I in 393 A.D. The ancient Olympic Games lasted for 1170 years.
Modern Olympics
The revival of the modem Olympics was on account of a French educator named Baron Pierre de Coubertin. He started this dream in 1894 when he founded the International Olympic Committee with the intention of restoring the Ancient Olympic Games which had been held between 776 B.C. and 393 A.D. He believed that international competitions between amateur athletes would help promote friendly relationships between people from different countries. Despite strong opposition Baron assembled 79 delegates from 12 countries to attend the international congress for the re-establishment of the Olympic Games. It was decided to hold the first modern Olympic
微信支付 
支付宝支付