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TEXT E A review of the treatment of female characters in Chinese fiction reveals that Chinese social attitudes have undergone dramatic changes. Prior to twentieth century, women in novels were stereotyped lacking any features that made them unique individuals and were also subject to numerous restrictions imposed by the male-dominated culture. While authors of these novels often sympathetically portrayed heroines who experienced social depression. They never questioned the position of women in Chinese culture. Not until the early twentieth century did Chinese fiction focus on women’s emancipation, and then the subject became the backdrop of most novels that addressed the issue. After the Communist party established the People’s Republic in the late 1940’s, attitudes changed again: the gaining of women’s rights was treated as one of many ongoing social revolutions, although from the beginning Communist Party policy subordinated the women’s struggle to the class Struggle. In spite of the fact that the authors who dealt with women’s issues prior to 1949 agreed in principle that reforms had to be instituted, the outlook they depicted for reform was bleak. In their novels a pattern recurs: after an initial break with social conversations, women falter in their goals or tragically end their lives, defeated by the overwhelming pressures of those conventions. If some writers viewed the emancipation of women as an achievable end, most tended to regard it as related to other seemingly unattainable social changes. Individualism alone would not lead to emancipation. Taking his cue from Ibsen’s play A Doll’s House, in which the heroine, Nora, leaves home because she resents her husband’s treating her like a child. The writer Lu Xun warned that Nora would need money to support herself; she must have economic rights in order to survive. In contrast to this view of women in fiction in the early part of the century, fiction after the late 1940’s is not so pessimistic. The deeper problems of socially prescribed roles for wife and daughter, for example, are not explored, but greater freedom for women is presented as the product of collective action. Novels of this period focus primarily on the specific issues: voluntary marriage and equal participation in work. After Mao Zedong’s announcement of guidelines for a literature of social realism, this emphasis on women’s rights became more pronounced. Most women in fiction after 1949 conform to the goals set for them by Communist party policy but still experience conflicts within family and group relationships as a result of the double burden placed on them by their domestic and job roles. Fiction of this period also depicts the problems of compensating women adequately for their work and of giving them access to jobs previously performed by men. Although these novels forcefully suggest that such reforms face much resistance, all clearly conclude that eventually this resistance can be overcome. And, in fact, the past two decades have seen the beginning of some of these reforms in the lives of women in the People’s Republic of China. According to the passage, the struggle of Chinese women for liberation is portrayed in post-1949 Chinese literature as ______.
AWorkshopWorkshop originally meals a room or building which contains tools or machinery for making or repairing things, especially by using wood or metal. Regarding meeting, it refers to a period of discussion or practical work or a particular subject in which a group of people learn about the abject by sharing their knowledge or experience. The distinctive feature of workshop lies in its emphasis on practical performance, he- sides the professional and academic discussions. Therefore arranged in a workshop may be many relevant activities—demonstrations, displays and operations during the course of presentation. For example, we can say: "Dr. Linda chaired a workshop on artificial intelligence and software development. I saw there were lots of computers and software developers gathered in that lecture hall this morning."BSymposiumSymposium (pl, symposia/symposiums) is also a kind of meeting, but it refers exclusively to the meeting for specialized academic discussion. At a symposium, experts, scholars, and other participants of a particular field discuss a particular subject.For instance, we may say "They are going to participate in file Second International Symposium on Teaching English at Tertiary Level in Hong Kong next May. The teaching of language skills, language learners’ styles and strategies, new technology and methodology as well as otter relevant issues will be discussed there." In terms of scale, a symposium may be smaller than a conference, because sometimes a conference may include several symposiums held simultaneously (as satellite symposiums). Furthermore, some meetings held by the government for political consultation can be called "political conference" but not symposium.CSeminarSeminar is usually a class-like meeting, where participants discuss a particular topic or subject that is presented by several major speakers. Different from the general situation of a meeting, the presentations are mainly given by speakers, while other people first listen and then join them. For example, we can say "This afternoon we’ll have a seminar on the topics presented this morning."DColloquium is sometimes a formal word for seminar. It is usually a large academic seminar like panel discussion. Colloquium is usually attended by certain invited experts or professionals in a particular field. Participants of the meeting will express their ideas and opinions around a specific topic.EMeetingMeeting is a general and summary term of various kinds of assembly of people for a particular purpose. If there are more than two persons coming together, talking and discussing, the event can be called a meeting. So we often say or hear "Let’s have a meeting." Since the definition of meeting is rather extended and not clearly demarcated, it can mean any kind of gathering, pre-arranged or non arranged, formal or informal; the time can be tong or short; the scale, large or small; the participants, many or a few, and so on. To specifically clarify a meeting, therefore, the names of meeting should be further demarcated. ’ Compared with conference, It is usually narrower and more specific in the range of topic.（）
TEXT A It looked like a typical business meeting. Six men, neatly dressed in white shirts and ties, filed into the boardroom of a small Jakarta company and sat down at a long table. But instead of consulting files or hearing reports, they closed their eyes and began to meditate, consulting the spirits of ancient Javanese kings. Mysticism touches almost every aspect of life in Indonesia and business is no exception. One of the meditators said his weekly meditation sessions are aimed mainly at bringing the peace of mind that makes for good decision-making. But the insight gained from mystic communication with spirits of wise kings has also helped boost the profits of his five companies. Mysticism and profits have come together since the 13th(上标) century introduction of Islam to Indonesia by Indian Moslem merchants. Those devout traders, called Wali Ullah ’or those close to God,’ energetically spread both trade and religion by adapting their appeals to the native mysticism of Java. Legends attribute magic power of foreknowledge to the Wall Ullah. These powers were believed to be gained through meditation and fasting. Businessman Hadisiko said his group fasts and meditates all night every Thursday to become closer to God and to contact the spirits of the great men of the past. "If we want to employ someone at the managerial level, we meditate together and often the message comes that this man can’t hole onto money or he is untrustworthy. Or maybe the spirits will tell us he should be hired." Hadiziko hastened to add that his companies also hold modem personnel management systems and that formal qualifications are essential for a candidate even to be considered. Perspective investments also are considered through mystic meditation. "With the mind relaxed and open, it is easier to be objective in judging the risk of a new venture. Meditation and contact with the wisdom of the old leaders sharpens your own insight and intuition. Then you have to apply that intuition to the information you have and work hard to be successful." Mystic meditation helped reverse a business slide his companies experienced in the mid-1980. Operating with normal business procedures, he lost more than $ 3 millions in that year alone. Meditation brought back his peace of mind. Putting the right persons in the right jobs and gaining confidence in his business decisions were the keys to a turning around that has brought expansion and profitability. The mysticism in Handspike’s boardroom is part of a growing movement in Indonesia called Kebatinan—the "search for the inner self." One of his managers, Yusuf Soemado, who studied business administration at Harvard University, compared the idea of mystic management to western system of positive thinking. "Willpower and subconscious mind are recognized as important factors in business. Such approaches as psycho-cybernetics, Carnegie’s think and growth rates, or the power of positive thinking are western attempts to tap the same higher intelligence that we contact through meditation," he said. Why did Hadisike hasten to add his companies also hold modern personnel management systems
Could the man repair the TV today
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