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简述免责的债务承担的要件。
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During the reign of Augustus the Rome army became a professional one. Its core of legionaires was composed of Roman citizens who served for a minimum of twenty five years. Augustus in his reign tried to eliminate the loyalty of the legions to the generals who commanded them, forcing them to take an oath of allegiance directly to him. While the legions remained relatively loyal to Augustus during his reign, under others, especially the more corrupt emperors or those who unwisely treated the military poorly, the legions often took power into their own hands. Legions continued to move farther and farther to the outskirts of society, especially in the later periods of the empire as the majority of legionaires no longer came from Italy, and were instead born in the provinces. The loyalty the legions felt to their emperor only degraded more with time, and lead in the 2nd Centry and 3rd Century to a large number of military usurpers and civil wars. By the time of the military officer emperors that characterized the period following the Crisis of the Third Century the Roman army was just as likely to be attacking itself as an outside invader. Both the pre- and post-Marian armies were greatly assisted by auxiliary troops. A typical Roman legion was accompanied by a matching auxiliary legion. In the pre-Marian army these auxiliary troops were Italians, and often Latins, from cities near Rome. The post-Marian army incorporated these Italian soldiers into its standard legions (as all Italians were Roman citizens after the Social War). Its auxiliary troops were made up of foreigners from provinces distant to Rome, who gained Roman citizenship after completing their twenty five years of service. This system of foreign auxiliaries allowed the post-Marian army to strengthen traditional weak points of the Roman system, such as light missile troops and cavalry, with foreign specialists, especially as the richer classes took less and less part of military affairs and the Roman army lost much of its domestic calvary. At the beginning of the Imperial period the number of legions was 60, which Augustus more than halved to 28, numbering at approximately 160,000 men. As more territory was conquered throughout the Imperial period, this fluctuated into the mid-thirties. At the same time, at the beginning of the Imperial period the foreign auxiliaries made up a rather small portion of the military, but continued to rise, so that by the end of the period of the Five Good Emperors they probably equalled the legionaires in number, giving a combined total of between 300,000 and 400,000 men in the Army. The last major reform of the Imperial Army came under the reign of Diocletian in the late 3rd Century. During the instability that had marked most of that century, the army had fallen in number and lost much of its ability to effectively police and defend the empire. He quickly recruited a large number of men, increasing the number of legionaires from between 150,000-200,000 to 350,000-400,000, effectively doubling the number in a case of quantity over quality. In the post-Marian army, ______.
The author maintains as the markets distribute other goods throughout the economy and cost something they can be seen as ______.
If you have ever dreamed of slipping into the comforting softness of a cashmere sweater you should follow the example of the habitual wearers and make sure that it has been knitted in the Scottish Borders-- nothing else will do for them as it is pure luxury. But what makes Scottish Borders Cashmere so special To begin with the Border knitters insist on using only the best cashmere painstakingly produced in one of the most barren parts of China. The cashmere is hand combed from the under fleece of the Mongolian goat and one of them produces in a year only enough yarn to make a scarf. It takes three goats to produce one simple sweater! This rare natural fiber has then to be transported to Britain for processing. A highly skilled system, invented by Joseph Dawson in the 1880’s, removes every impurity and coarse grade hair so that only the softest down is left. After spinning the Border knitters use their traditional expertise to ensure that this wonderful softness is kept by careful" milling" -- their term for washing the garment after knitting-in pure soft Scottish water. Of course all this care and attention makes cashmere very expensive but retailers have noticed that whenever there is a rise in the price of cashmere, all inevitably regular occurrence with a scarce, hard-to-produce commodity, customers rarely trade down even to finest lambs wool. They may attempt to ration themselves to one sweater less this season but, for them, it really is a matter of nothing but the best. But even the most traditional of garments are subject to fashion. The cashmere manufacturers of the Borders realized that, if they were to keep their grand old labels hot and desirable, they had to out Lauren Ralph and chivvy at Chanel’s heels. "The strength of Borders cashmere", says Helen Bottle, the textile designer who manages The Studio," is its well known quality and status. But in today’s market, you need other factors. Better, more fashionable, more exciting design is one. We have gone beyond the traditional Scottish jumper market and into the field of well-designed, fashioned knitted clothing." For cashmere addicts, life has never been more dangerous. Where once they could only satisfy their craving by having their little jumper in every color in both round neck and polo, now there is an embarrassment of choice. Why is there "an embarrassment of choice" (in the last paragraph) for cashmere addicts now
与资产资本定价模型相比，建立套利定价理论的假设条件较多。( )
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