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The physical weathering produces fine fragments in different sizes with different chemical composition as the original rocks, which cover the surface of the rock.

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Carbonation refers to the chemical decomposition of rock and minerals under the influence of water and temperature, which leads to the destruction of rock and minerals and the release of trapped nutrients.

A well-developed natural soil is composed of three basic horizons: the eluvial horizon (A horizon), the illuvial horizon (B horizon) and the parent material horizon (C horizon).

The podzoliation process refers to the leaching of sesquioxides and deposition of silicon dioxide in the subsurface soil layer.

Gleyization occurs when the soil perched-water zone is constantly moving upward and downward, alternation of drying and wetting is more obvious. The alternation of oxidative and reductive reactions in soil is induced repeatedly. The result is formation of mottling, spot, iron/manganese concretion, or red coating.