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Aesthetic thought of a distinctively modem bent emerged during the 18th century. The western philosophers of this time devoted much attention to such matters (31) natural beauty and representation. (32) that time, however, the philosophy of art has become ever more (33) and has begun to (34) the philosophy of nature. Various issues (35) to the philosophy of art have had a (36) impact (37) the orientation of 20th century aesthetics. (38) among these are problems relating to the theory of art as form and (39) the distinction between representation end expression. Still another question has to do with the value of art. Two opposing theoretical positions (40) on this issue: one holds that art and its appreciation are a means to some recognized moral good, (41) the other maintains that art is intrinsically valuable end is an end in itself. Underlying this whole issue is the concept of taste. In recent years there has also been an increasing (42) with art as the prime object of critical judgment. Corresponding to the trend in contemporary aesthetic thought, (43) have followed (44) of two approaches. In one, criticism is restricted to the analysis end interpretation of the work of art. (45) , it is devoted to articulating the response to the aesthetic object and to (46) a particular way of perceiving it. Over the years, aesthetics has developed into a broad field of knowledge end inquiry. The concerns of contemporary aesthetics include such (47) problems as the nature of style and its aesthetic significance; the relation of aesthetic judgment to culture; the (48) of a history of art; the (49) of Freudian psychology and other forms of psychological study to criticism; and the place of aesthetic judgment in practical (50) in the conduct of everyday affairs.
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In these years, economic, social and technological factors have influenced the kitchens’ design. 61) Since it is often used simultaneously by both family members as well as guests, the kitchen requires not only a glamorous look but a practical one. Also, the design elements must meet the needs of modem family.Environmental concerns have had an enormous impact on the design of kitchens. 62) This concern includes recycling of household materials, as well as energy efficient appliances and the purity of both water and air. Research shows that up to 85 percent of the population is concerned about what comes out of their tap. This is why it’s important to consider adding a water filter system.63) The character of today’s kitchen is very different from the way it was thirty years ago. There’s more sophistication in food preparation, and more technological help with cooking and cleaning up. When choosing cabinets, first consider the style. Use the architectural style of your house as guide. Because cabinets are a big investment, it is best to choose quality. Popular styles in kitchen cabinets are framed panel doors with raised or recessed panels of wood, cabinet fronts with glass panes, or simple slab doors in a rich painted or laminated finish. Cabinet pulls, handles and knobs are offered in a myriad of designs and finishes. Treat hardware as jewelry and don’t be afraid to mix and match styles.64) Because many of today’s kitchens consist of two or more cooks sharing in the meal preparation, there is a need for more counter space, cooktops and sinks. Life styles are changing, but the primary function of the kitchen as an area for preparing food has remained unchanged. The sink remains one of the most used areas in the kitchen as well as an important decorative statement.Appliance technology is moving very fast. Choosing what type of appliances as well as how many will depend on several factors such as how often and how much you cook and the size of your kitchen.Don’t limit yourself to one of each kind of appliance. 65) You can have a refrigerator in one place and a freezer in a separate area or two sets of cooktops: one on the counter next to the wall oven and one on an island. You can even have two dishwashers if size and budget require and permit -- think of it as saving time in the long run. Because many of today’s kitchens consist of two or more cooks sharing in the meal preparation, there is a need for more counter space, cooktops and sinks.
Questions 24 to 27 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 20 seconds to answer the questions.Now listen to the news. Why did Muslims hold the demonstration
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The Babylonian kingdom flourished under the rule of the famous King, Hammurabi (1792-1750 BC). It was not until the reign of Naboplashar (625-605 BC) of the Neo-Babylonian dynasty that the Mesopotamian civilization reached its ultimate glory. His son, Nebuchadnezzar Ⅱ (604-562 BC) is credited for building the legendary Hanging Gardens. It is said that the Gardens were built by Nebuchadnezzar to please his wife or concubine who had been "brought up in Media and had a passion for mountain surroundings". Detailed descriptions of the Gardens come from ancient Greek sources, including the writings of Strabo and Philo of Byzantium. "The Hanging Garden has plants cultivated above ground level, and the roots of the trees are embedded in an upper terrace rather than in the earth. The whole mass is supported on stone columns... Streams of water emerging from elevated sources flow down sloping channels... These waters irrigate the whole garden saturating the most of plants and keeping the whole area moist... This is a work of art of royal luxury and its most striking feature is that the labor of cultivation is suspended above the heads of the spectators". While the most descriptive accounts of the Gardens come from Greek historians such as Berossus and Diodorus Siculns, Babylonian records stay silent on the matter. Tablets from the time of Nebuchadnezzar do not have a single reference to the Hanging Gardens, although descriptions of his palace, the city of Babylon, and the walls are found. Even the historians who give detailed descriptions of the Hanging Gardens never saw them. Modern historians argue that it was the imagination of poets and ancient historians that blended all these elements together to produce one of the World Wonders. It wasn’t until the twentieth century that some of the mysteries surrounding the Hanging Gardens were revealed. Archaeologists are still struggling to gather enough evidence before reaching the final conclusions about the location of the Gardens, their irrigation system, and their true appearance. Some recent researchers even suggest that the Hanging Gardens were built by Senaherib, not by Nebuchadnezzar Ⅱ (ca. 100 years earlier). Other findings include the Vaulted Building with thick walls and an irrigation well near the southern palace. A group of archaeologists surveyed the area of the southern palace and reconstructed the Vaulted Building as the Hanging Gardens. However, the Greek historian Strabo had stated that the gardens were situated by the River Euphrates. So others argue that the site is too far from the Euphrates to support the theory since the Vaulted Building is several hundreds of meters away. They reconstructed the site of the palace and located the Gardens in the area stretching from the River to the Palace. On the fiver banks, recently discovered massive walls 25m thick may have been stepped to form terraces--the ones described in Greek references. Par
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