题目内容

World leaders met recently at United Nations headquarters in New York City to discuss the environmental issues raised at the Rio Earth Summit in 1992. The heads of state were supposed to decide what further steps should be taken to halt the decline of Earth’s life-support systems. In fact, this meeting had much the flavour of the original Earth Summit. To wit: empty promises, hollow rhetoric, bickering between rich and poor, and irrelevant initiatives. Think U.S. Congress in slow motion. Almost obscured by this torpor is the fact that there has been some remarkable progress over the past five years--real changes in the attitude of ordinary people in the Third World toward family size and a dawning realisation that environmental degradation and their own well-being are intimately, and inversely, linked. Almost none of this, however, has anything to do with what the bureaucrats accomplished in Rio. Or it didn’t accomplish. One item on the agenda at Rio, for example, was a renewed effort to save tropical forests. (A previous UN-sponsored initiative had fallen apart when it became clear that it actually hastened deforestation)After Rio, a UN working group came up with more than 100 recommendations that have so far gone nowhere. One proposed forestry pact would do little more than immunizing wood-exporting nations against trade sanctions. An effort to draft an agreement on what to do about the climate changes caused by CO2 and other greenhouse gases has fared even worse. Blocked by the Bush Administration from setting mandatory limits, the UN in 1992 called on nations to voluntarily reduce emissions to 1990 levels. Several years later, it’s as if Rio had never happened. A new climate treaty is scheduled to be signed this December in Kyoto, Japan, but governments still cannot agree on these limits. Meanwhile, the U. S. produces 7% more CO2 than it did in 1990 ,and emissions in the developing world have risen even more sharply. No one would confuse the "Rio process" with progress. While governments have dithered at a pace that could make drifting continents impatient, people have acted. Birth-rates are dropping faster than expected, not because of Rio but because poor people are deciding on their own to reduce family size. Another positive development has been a growing environmental consciousness among the poor. From slum dwellers in Karachi, Pakistan, to colonists in Rondonia, Brazil ,urban poor and rural peasants alike seem to realize that they pay the biggest price for pollution and deforestation. There is cause for hope as well in the growing recognition among business people that it is not in their long-term interest to fight environmental reforms. John Browne, chief executive of British Petroleum, boldly asserted in a major speech in May that the threat of climate change could no longer be ignored. What does the author say about the ordinary people in the Third World countries().

A. They are beginning to realize the importance of environmental protection.
B. They believe that many children are necessary for prosperity.
C. They are reluctant to accept advice from the government.
D. They think that earning a living is more important than nature conservation.

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简述经济手段及其基本特征。

下列哪项是形成感染性结石的原因

A. 尿路梗阻
B. 饮水减少
C. 肾上皮细胞转运钙异常
D. 尿pH改变
E. 产生脲酶的细菌感染

尿结石的形成部位在

A. 肾
B. 膀胱
C. 肾和膀胱
D. 肾和输尿管
E. 输尿管和膀胱

关于上尿路结石,下述哪项是错误的

A. 输尿管结石多位于下段输尿管
B. 绝大多数是单侧性
C. 感染性结石必须在碱性尿中形成
D. 结石位于输尿管口时,常伴有膀胱刺激症状
E. 当输尿管中段梗阻时,疼痛放射至同侧大腿内侧

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