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In 1999, the price of oil hovered around $ 16 a barrel. By 2008, it had【C1】______the $ 100 a barrel mark. The reasons for the surge【C2】______from the dramatic growth of the economies of China and India to widespread【C3】______in oil-producing regions, including Iraq and Nigeria"s delta region. Triple-digit oil prices have【C4】______the economic and political map of the world, 【C5】______some old notions of power. Oil-rich nations are enjoying historic gains and opportunities, 【C6】______major importers — including China and India, home to a third of the world"s population —【C7】______rising economic and social costs. Managing this new order is fast becoming a central【C8】______of global politics. Countries that need oil are clawing at each other to【C9】______scarce supplies, and are willing to deal with any government, 【C10】______how unpleasant, to do it. In many poor nations with oil, the profits are being, lost to corruption, 【C11】______these countries of their best hope for development. And oil is fueling enormous investment funds run by foreign governments, 【C12】______some in the west see as a new threat. Countries like Russia, Venezuela and Iran are well supplied with rising oil【C13】______a change reflected in newly aggressive foreign policies. But some unexpected countries are reaping benefits, 【C14】______costs, from higher prices. Consider Germany. 【C15】______it imports virtually all its oil, it has prospered from extensive trade with a booming Russia and the Middle East. German exports to Russia【C16】______128 percent from 2001 to 2006. In the United States, as already high gas prices rose【C17】______higher in the spring of 2008, the issue cropped up in the presidential campaign, with Senators McCain and Obama【C18】______for a federal gas tax holiday during the peak summer driving months. And driving habits began to【C19】______as sales of small cars jumped and mass transport systems【C20】______the country reported a sharp increase in riders. 【C15】
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In 1999, the price of oil hovered around $ 16 a barrel. By 2008, it had【C1】______the $ 100 a barrel mark. The reasons for the surge【C2】______from the dramatic growth of the economies of China and India to widespread【C3】______in oil-producing regions, including Iraq and Nigeria"s delta region. Triple-digit oil prices have【C4】______the economic and political map of the world, 【C5】______some old notions of power. Oil-rich nations are enjoying historic gains and opportunities, 【C6】______major importers — including China and India, home to a third of the world"s population —【C7】______rising economic and social costs. Managing this new order is fast becoming a central【C8】______of global politics. Countries that need oil are clawing at each other to【C9】______scarce supplies, and are willing to deal with any government, 【C10】______how unpleasant, to do it. In many poor nations with oil, the profits are being, lost to corruption, 【C11】______these countries of their best hope for development. And oil is fueling enormous investment funds run by foreign governments, 【C12】______some in the west see as a new threat. Countries like Russia, Venezuela and Iran are well supplied with rising oil【C13】______a change reflected in newly aggressive foreign policies. But some unexpected countries are reaping benefits, 【C14】______costs, from higher prices. Consider Germany. 【C15】______it imports virtually all its oil, it has prospered from extensive trade with a booming Russia and the Middle East. German exports to Russia【C16】______128 percent from 2001 to 2006. In the United States, as already high gas prices rose【C17】______higher in the spring of 2008, the issue cropped up in the presidential campaign, with Senators McCain and Obama【C18】______for a federal gas tax holiday during the peak summer driving months. And driving habits began to【C19】______as sales of small cars jumped and mass transport systems【C20】______the country reported a sharp increase in riders. 【C8】
In 1999, the price of oil hovered around $ 16 a barrel. By 2008, it had【C1】______the $ 100 a barrel mark. The reasons for the surge【C2】______from the dramatic growth of the economies of China and India to widespread【C3】______in oil-producing regions, including Iraq and Nigeria"s delta region. Triple-digit oil prices have【C4】______the economic and political map of the world, 【C5】______some old notions of power. Oil-rich nations are enjoying historic gains and opportunities, 【C6】______major importers — including China and India, home to a third of the world"s population —【C7】______rising economic and social costs. Managing this new order is fast becoming a central【C8】______of global politics. Countries that need oil are clawing at each other to【C9】______scarce supplies, and are willing to deal with any government, 【C10】______how unpleasant, to do it. In many poor nations with oil, the profits are being, lost to corruption, 【C11】______these countries of their best hope for development. And oil is fueling enormous investment funds run by foreign governments, 【C12】______some in the west see as a new threat. Countries like Russia, Venezuela and Iran are well supplied with rising oil【C13】______a change reflected in newly aggressive foreign policies. But some unexpected countries are reaping benefits, 【C14】______costs, from higher prices. Consider Germany. 【C15】______it imports virtually all its oil, it has prospered from extensive trade with a booming Russia and the Middle East. German exports to Russia【C16】______128 percent from 2001 to 2006. In the United States, as already high gas prices rose【C17】______higher in the spring of 2008, the issue cropped up in the presidential campaign, with Senators McCain and Obama【C18】______for a federal gas tax holiday during the peak summer driving months. And driving habits began to【C19】______as sales of small cars jumped and mass transport systems【C20】______the country reported a sharp increase in riders. 【C6】
The question of where insights come from has become a hot topic in neuroscience, despite the fact that they are not easy to induce experimentally in a laboratory. Dr. Bhattacharya and Dr. Sheth have taken a creative approach. They have selected some brain-teasing but practical problems in the hope that these would get closer to mimicking real insight. To qualify, a puzzle had to be simple, not too widely known and without a methodical solution. The researchers then asked 18 young adults to try to solve these problems while their brainwaves were monitored using an electroencephalograph (EEG). A typical brain-teaser went like this. There are three light switches on the ground-floor wall of a three-storey house. Two of the switches do nothing, but one of them controls a bulb on the second floor. When you begin, the bulb is off. You can only make one visit to the second floor. How do you work out which switch is the one that controls the light This problem, or one equivalent to it, was presented on a computer screen to a volunteer when that volunteer pressed a button. The electrical activity of the volunteer"s brain (his brainwave pattern) was recorded by the EEG from the button"s press. Each volunteer was given 30 seconds to read the puzzle and another 60 to 90 seconds to solve it. Some people worked it out; others did not. The significant point, though, was that the EEG predicted who would fall where. Those volunteers who went on to have an insight (in this case that on their one and only visit to the second floor they could use not just the light but the heat produced by a bulb as evidence of an active switch) had had different brainwave activity from those who never got it. In the right frontal cortex, a part of the brain associated with shifting mental states, there was an increase in high-frequency gamma waves (those with 47~48 cycles a second). Moreover, the difference was noticeable up to eight seconds before the volunteer realised he had found the solution. Dr. Sheth thinks this may be capturing the "transformational thought" in action, before the brain"s "owner" is consciously aware of it. This finding poses fascinating questions about how the brain really works. Conscious thought, it seems, does not solve problems. Instead, unconscious processing happens in the background and only delivers the answer to consciousness once it has been arrived at. Food for further thought, indeed. Dr. Bhattacharya and Dr. Sheth"s answer to the question in the first paragraph may be that
In 1999, the price of oil hovered around $ 16 a barrel. By 2008, it had【C1】______the $ 100 a barrel mark. The reasons for the surge【C2】______from the dramatic growth of the economies of China and India to widespread【C3】______in oil-producing regions, including Iraq and Nigeria"s delta region. Triple-digit oil prices have【C4】______the economic and political map of the world, 【C5】______some old notions of power. Oil-rich nations are enjoying historic gains and opportunities, 【C6】______major importers — including China and India, home to a third of the world"s population —【C7】______rising economic and social costs. Managing this new order is fast becoming a central【C8】______of global politics. Countries that need oil are clawing at each other to【C9】______scarce supplies, and are willing to deal with any government, 【C10】______how unpleasant, to do it. In many poor nations with oil, the profits are being, lost to corruption, 【C11】______these countries of their best hope for development. And oil is fueling enormous investment funds run by foreign governments, 【C12】______some in the west see as a new threat. Countries like Russia, Venezuela and Iran are well supplied with rising oil【C13】______a change reflected in newly aggressive foreign policies. But some unexpected countries are reaping benefits, 【C14】______costs, from higher prices. Consider Germany. 【C15】______it imports virtually all its oil, it has prospered from extensive trade with a booming Russia and the Middle East. German exports to Russia【C16】______128 percent from 2001 to 2006. In the United States, as already high gas prices rose【C17】______higher in the spring of 2008, the issue cropped up in the presidential campaign, with Senators McCain and Obama【C18】______for a federal gas tax holiday during the peak summer driving months. And driving habits began to【C19】______as sales of small cars jumped and mass transport systems【C20】______the country reported a sharp increase in riders. 【C7】
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