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For much of its history, psychology has seemed obsessed with human failings and pathology. The very idea of psychotherapy, first formalized by Freud, rests on a view of human beings as troubled creatures in need of repair. Freud himself was profoundly pessimistic about human nature, which he felt was governed by deep, dark drives that we could hardly control. The scientists who followed developed a model of human life that seemed to many mechanical if not robotic: humans were passive beings harshly shaped by the stimuli and the rewards and punishments that surrounded them. After World War Ⅱ, psychologists tried to explain how so many ordinary citizens could have agreed with fascism, and did work symbolized in the 1950 classic The Authoritarian Personality by T.W. Adorno, et al. Social psychologists followed on. Some of the most famous experiments proved that normal folk could become coldly insensitive to suffering when obeying "legitimate" orders or cruelly aggressive when playing the role of prison guard. A watershed moment arrived in 1998, when University of Pennsylvania psychologist Martin Seligman, in his presidential address to the American Psychological Association, urged psychology to "turn toward understanding and building the human strengths to complement our emphasis on healing damage." That speech launched today’s positive psychology movement. Though not denying humanity’s flaws, the new positive psychologists recommend focusing on people’s strengths and virtues as a point of departure. Rather than analyze the psychopathology underlying alcoholism, for example, positive psychologists might study the toughness of those who have managed a successful recovery--for example, through organizations like Alcoholics Anonymous. Instead of viewing religion as a delusion and a support, as did Freud, they might identify the mechanisms through which a spiritual practice like meditation enhances mental and physical health. Their lab experiments might seek to define not the conditions that induce wicked behavior, but those that foster generosity, courage, creativity, and laughter. Seligman’s idea quickly caught on. The Gallup Organization founded the Gallup Positive Psychology Institute to sponsor scholarly work in the field. In 1999, 60 scholars gathered for the first Gallup Positive Psychology Summit; two years later, the conference went international, and ever since has drawn about 400 attendees annually. What does the passage say about positive psychology
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Blue collar and government jobs are among the most 1 careers for U.S. graduates, according to U.S. News magazine’s 2008 Best Careers report. U.S. employers are increasingly offshoring professional jobs. This means less jobs 2 college-graduate skills, the magazine says. As in many other countries, U.S. high school students are told that college is the 3 . So there’s a growing 4 of skilled people in jobs that don’t require a college education. But the report also says that some rewarding blue-collar careers, such as technical work in the biomedical equipment and security systems sectors, are more 5 to college graduates. These are more knowledge-based than the usual blue-collar jobs. Government is becoming an employer of 6 . Corporations, fueled by pressures to compete globally, continue to get ever 7 . Non-profit organizations are increasingly strapped for cash. Government is able to pay employees well, 8 their practices are economically sound, the magazine says. The report also indicates that social 9 may be the enemy of contentment in career. People are flocking in greater numbers to careers in the law, medicine and architecture. Yet recent surveys of job satisfaction in those professions 10 a less-than-rosy picture.
Directions: Put the following paragraph into Chinese. The main impression growing out of twelve years on the faculty of a medical school is that the No. 1 health problem in the U.S. today, even more than AIDS or cancer, is that Americans don’t know how to distinguish between health and illness. We fear the worst, expect the worst, thus invite the worst and the result is that we are becoming a nation of weaklings and hypochondriacs, a self-medicating society incapable of distinguishing between casual, everyday symptoms and those that require professional attention.
Blue collar and government jobs are among the most 1 careers for U.S. graduates, according to U.S. News magazine’s 2008 Best Careers report. U.S. employers are increasingly offshoring professional jobs. This means less jobs 2 college-graduate skills, the magazine says. As in many other countries, U.S. high school students are told that college is the 3 . So there’s a growing 4 of skilled people in jobs that don’t require a college education. But the report also says that some rewarding blue-collar careers, such as technical work in the biomedical equipment and security systems sectors, are more 5 to college graduates. These are more knowledge-based than the usual blue-collar jobs. Government is becoming an employer of 6 . Corporations, fueled by pressures to compete globally, continue to get ever 7 . Non-profit organizations are increasingly strapped for cash. Government is able to pay employees well, 8 their practices are economically sound, the magazine says. The report also indicates that social 9 may be the enemy of contentment in career. People are flocking in greater numbers to careers in the law, medicine and architecture. Yet recent surveys of job satisfaction in those professions 10 a less-than-rosy picture.
Americans are more socially isolated than they were 20 years ago, separated by work, commuting and the single life, researchers reported on Friday. Nearly a quarter of people surveyed said they had "zero" close friends with whom to discuss personal matters. More than 50 percent named two or fewer confidants, the researchers said. "This is a big social change, and it indicates something that’s not good for our society," said Duke University Professor Lynn Smith-Lovin. Smith-Lovin’s group used data from a national survey of 1,500 American adults that has been ongoing since 1972. She said it indicated people had a surprising drop in the number of close friends since 1985. At that time, Americans most commonly said they had three close friends whom they had known for a long time, saw often, and with whom they shared a number of interests. They were almost as likely to name four or five friends, and the relationships often sprang from their neighborhoods or communities. Ties to a close network of friends create a social safety net that is good for society. Research has also linked social support and civic participation to a longer life, Smith-Lovin said. The data also show the social isolation trend mirrors other class divides: Non- whites and people with less education tend to have smaller social networks than white Americans and the highly educated. That means that in daily life, personal emergencies and national disasters such as Hurricane Katrina, those with the fewest resources also have the fewest personal friends to call for advice and assistance. "It’s one thing to know someone and exchange e-mails with them. It’s another thing to say, ’Will you give me a ride out of town with all of my possessions and pets And can I stay with you for a couple or three months’" Smith-Lovin said. "Worrying about social isolation is not a matter of remembering a warm past. Real things are strongly connected with that," added Harvard University Public Policy Professor Robert Putnam. He suggested flexible work schedules would allow Americans to tend both personal and professional lives. According to the passage, close social ties among people are ______.
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