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学习______是一个动态的发展过程，包括纵向和横向两个维度。
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In a democratic society citizens are encouraged to form their own opinions on candidates. The opinions held by any population are shaped and controlled by several factors: individual circumstances, the mass media, special interest groups, and opinion leaders. Wealthy people tend to think differently on social issues from poor people. Factory workers probably do not share the same views as white-collar workers. Women employed outside their homes sometimes have perspectives different from those of fulltime homemakers. In these and other ways individual status shapes one’’s view of current events. The mass media, especially television, are powerful influences on the way people think and act. Government officials realize that the public tends to "follow the headlines". Whatever is featured in newspapers and magazines and on television attracts enough attention. The mass media have also created larger audiences for government and a wider range of pubic issues than existed before. Prior to television and the national editions of newspapers, issues and candidates tended to remain localized. Today’’s elections are seen as struggles between party leaders and programs. In the United States radio and television have been beneficial to the presidency. Since the days of Franklin D. Roosevelt and his "fireside chats", presidents have appealed directly to a national audience over the heads of Congress to advocate their programs. Special groups spend vast money annually trying to influence public opinion. Public utilities, for instance, tried to sway public opinion in favor of nuclear power plants. Opposed to them were citizens’’ organizations that persuaded to halt the use of nuclear power. Opinion leaders are usually such prominent public figures as politicians, show business personalities, and celebrity athletes. The opinions of these individuals, whether informed and intelligent or not, carry weight with some segments of the population. Some individuals, such as Nobel Prize winners, are suddenly thrust into public view by the media. By quickly reaching a large audience, their views gain a hearing and are perhaps influential in shaping views on complex issues. People’s opinions are often influenced by the following factors except______.
The energy problem is not merely a short-term crisis. Geologists 【1】 that 80 percent of all the oil 【2】 in the US will be used 【3】 before the year 2000. We might even come to the end of our coal reserves, abundant as they are, before another century is over. Americans have been 【4】 this situation suddenly. Many unprepared even to recognize 【5】 , and most of us are unprepared to meet it. We are unprepared 【6】 our habits and traditions, and our national life 【7】 based on a history of material abundance. With about 6 percent of the world’’s 【8】 ,we in the US 【9】 nearly 50 percent of the world’’s energy resources. Such resources within the us 【10】 are still ample by any standards except our own.
[说明] 下面程序计算正方体、球体和圆柱体的表面积和体积。 [C++程序] #include＜iostream.h＞ class container protected: double radius; public： container(double radius) container::radius=radius; (1) ; (2) ; ; class cube: (3) public： cube(double radius)::container(radius)(); double surface_area() return radius*radius*6; double volume() return radius*radius*radius; ; class sphere: public container (4) ; double surface_area() return 4*3.1416 *radius*radius; double volume() return 3.1416*radius *radius*radius*4/3; ; class cylinder:public container double height; public： cylinder(double radius, double height):container(radius) (5) ; double surface_area() return 2*3.1416*radius*(height+radius); double volume() return 3.1416 *radius*radius*height; ; void main() container *p; cube obj1(5); sphere obj2 (5); cylinder obj3(5，5); p=＆obj1; cout＜＜"正方体表面积："＜＜p-＞surface_area()＜＜endl; cout＜＜"正方体体积："＜＜p-＞volume()＜＜endl; p=＆obj2; cout＜＜"球体表面积："＜＜p-＞surface_area()＜＜endl; cout＜＜"球体体积："＜＜p-＞volume()＜＜endl; p=＆obj3; cout＜＜"圆柱体表面积："＜＜p-＞surface_area()＜＜endl; cout＜＜"圆柱体体积："＜＜p-＞volume()＜＜endl;
Next week, as millions of families gather for their Thanksgiving (感恩节) feasts, many other Americans will go without. According to the United States Department of Agriculture, more than 12 million households lack enough food for everyone in their family at some time during the year—including holidays. Hunger is surprisingly widespread in our country—one of the world’’s wealthiest—yet the government estimates that we waste almost 100 billion pounds of food each year, more than one-quarter of our total supply. Reducing this improper distribution of resources is a goal of America’’s Second Harvest, the nation’’s largest domestic hunger-relief organization. Last year, it distributed nearly 2 billion pounds of food to more than 23 million people in need. America’’s Second Harvest is a network of 214 inter-connected food banks and other organizations that gather food from growers, processors, grocery stores and restaurants. In turn, the network distributes food to some 50,000 soup kitchens, homeless shelters and old people’’s centers in every county of every state. A great deal of work is involved in distributing tons of food from thousands of donors (捐赠者) to hundreds of small, nonprofit organizations. Until a few years ago, America’’s Second Harvest lacked any effective way to manage their inventory. Without accurate and timely information, soup kitchens were sometimes empty while food was left to spoil in loading places. In 2000, America’’s Second Harvest began to use a new inventory and financial-management system—Ceres. It is software designed specifically for hunger-relief operations. It is used by more than 100 America’’s Second Harvest organizations to track food from donation to distribution. Ceres has helped reduce the spoiling of food and improve distribution. An evaluation found that the software streamlined food banks’’ operations by 23 percent in the first year alone. With more accurate and timely reports, Ceres saves time, flees staff members to focus on finding new donors, and promises more efficient use of donations. Hunger in America remains a troubling social problem. Technology alone cannot solve it. But in the hands of organizations such as America’’s Second Harvest, it is a powerful tool that is helping to make a difference—and helping more Americans to join in the feast. A problem for America’s Second Harvest a few years ago was that______.
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