题目内容
Generally a saving in energy consumption is insufficient incentive for the consumer to purchase new cooking equipment unless other improvements (e.g. shorter cooking periods, fewer cleaning difficulties and improved appearance) are available as well. For the individual, there is a natural reticence to incur rapid changes because of the valid economic desire to exploit existing capital investment to the maximum: this is the major problem with many proposed energy-thrift measures. However, caterers should’ appreciate that by reducing energy wastages; they will not only be saving money, but also improving the working environment within their kitchens. Retro-fitting existing cookers with energy-conservation improvements in order to raise achievable efficiencies will occur only rarely. For the most immediate significant impact nationally, with respect to reducing the energy expended upon cooking, better management is recommended. Lawson suggested that about 16 PJ per year could be saved in the British catering sector by adopting improved operational practices. If only 10% of the energy used for catering purposes in the domestic sector could also be saved, overall national savings would amount to approximately 44 PJ per annum. To achieve this aim, a comprehensive and straight-forward program of energy-thrift education for housewives, cooks and kitchen managers is needed. This will require all concerned to exercise considerable personal discipline. The present approach, whereby individuals make purchasing decisions mainly on visual and first-cost grounds-partly because the cooking appliance and food manufacturing industries rarely provide adequate scientific data to support their claims- should be supplemented by other considerations. Food is too fundamental to human life, health and happiness to be considered an unworthy subject by intellectuals. For example, even the typical Briton (who tends to be casual about eating compared with most of his foreign counterparts) spends between 5% and 13% of his waking hours preparing, cooking and/or cleaning away ’after meals. Nevertheless, energy wastage prevails both on a national scale ( e. g. storing vast quantities of food at sub-ambient temperatures in so-called food mountains); and on an individual scale (e. g. performing hob operations without placing lids on the pans employed) . Food is so fundamental to human life that_______.
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As more people live closer together, and as they use machines to produce leisure, they find that their leisure, and even their working hours, become spoilt by a by- product of their machines--namely, noise. Noise is nowadays in the news; it has acquired political status, and public opinions are demanding, more and more insistently, that something must be done about it.46) To control noise is to demand much self-discipline (annoyance arises often from lack of common courtesy) a sense of proportion (there is usually a conflict of interest if a noise is to be stopped), the expenditure of money (and it is far more economical to do this early rather than late), and, finally, technical knowledge.Technical difficulties often arise from the subjective-objective nature of the problem. You can define the excessive speed of a motor-car in terms of a pointer reading on a speedometer. But can you define excessive noise in the same way 47) You find that with any existing simple "noise-meter", vehicles which are judged to be equally noisy may show considerable difference on the meter.Though the ideal cure for noise is to stop it at its source, this may in many cases be impossible. The next remedy is to absorb it on the way to the ear.48) Domestic noises may perhaps be controlled by forethought and courtesy, and industrial noises by good planning and technical improvement. But if we are going to allow fast motor-cycles and heavy diesel lorries to pass continuously through residential and business districts, the community must decide on the control it needs to exercise, for in the long run it has got to pay for it. 49) And if a nation is to take part in modern air trans port, it must enter into international agreements on the noise control measures it will impose at its airports-and here the cost of any real control is to be measured in millions of dollars. Jet engines may be modified to reduce their noise level, or insulation from air traffic noise may be provided by the purchase of land around airports or the insulation of buildings. 50) One estimate is that ＄5.7 billion would be required to equip all existing jet engines with noise control devices; however,, considering the current state of the art, even taking this step will not reduce noise levels at all points to acceptable values. Some combination of methods is probably necessary. You find that with any existing simple "noise-meter", vehicles which are judged to be equally noisy may show considerable difference on the meter.
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