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How to Create a Home LibraryA. "I cannot live without books," declared US President Thomas Jefferson to his friend John Adams. Indeed, Jefferson was an obsessive book collector from a young age, amassing (收集) three separate home libraries in his lifetime. The first collection was destroyed when his family home burned down in 1770. When the Library of Congress was destroyed in the War of 1812, Jefferson sold his second collection of about 6,000 books to the federal library. Jefferson"s library was considered the finest in the country, and his collection doubled the holdings of the Library of Congress. Still, Jefferson didn"t let the shelves at Monticello sit empty. By the time he died 11 years later, he had more than 2,000 volumes in his library.B. Jefferson"s library might fit your conception of an old-fashioned home library with leather-bound books, wood paneling and uncomfortable furniture. But home libraries can be a dynamic expression of the owner"s personality. Creating a home library is a fun way to display your interests while establishing a special space for reading.Home library organisationC. When you started using the public library, you probably learned about Melvil Dewey and his system for ordering libraries. The Dewey Decimal Classification System has ten broad categories for organising books, including philosophy, religion and the arts. Each category is assigned a number, so for example, when you want a book on modern art, you head to the 700 block. Larger libraries, such as those at universities, tend to use the Library of Congress Classification System because it offers a more specific array of subjects for categorisation, adding subjects such as medicine and law for a total of 21 categories.D. Your home library may or may not be as large as your local public library, but a good system of organisation will still help you find the book you want quickly. You could take a page from Dewey and the Library of Congress and sort books by subject matter. Sections for subjects such as history, technology or fiction might make their retrieval easier. This system also would allow you to highlight a particular passion, such as an extensive collection of World War Ⅱ history.E. Here are some other ways to organise a collection: 1) Alphabetising by author works well for fiction but not necessarily for nonfiction books of various subjects. 2) Judging a book by its cover is usually frowned upon, but sorting by colour can be aesthetically (从审美上) pleasing to some. Those generally forgetful about the colours of their books might disagree. 3) After a painful breakup, the main character in Nick Homby"s book High Fidelity organises his record collection autobiographically in the order he acquired them. A chronological organisation might include shelves that track the progress of your life, from beloved childhood reading and college textbooks to parenting books. 4) To some readers, there are two ways to look at books: read and unread. Prioritising (区分优先次序) when you might need the book will allow you to keep unread books at the forefront of your collection, as well as books you reach for frequently, such as reference books or favourite novels.Library furnitureF. While it might be difficult for a book lover to spend money on something other than books, at some point, you will need some bookshelves. Built-in bookshelves can provide floor-to-ceiling storage and space savings. They can be tucked under staircases or other out-of-the-way spaces; however, they"re not a good choice for renters, and they can represent a big investment in terms of price and installation. Freestanding bookcases are widely available in a variety of sizes, colours and price points. You can also mount hanging bookshelves onto the wall or buy glass cases, which might be preferable if your collection includes antique books that you want to preserve.G. Sagging poses the main threat to bookshelves. A bookshelf that is 36 inches long should have shelves at least one inch thick. If it"s longer, then it should be thicker so that it won"t droop under the weight. One tip for maximising space on the shelves is to use adjustable bookshelves, so that very small books don"t take up space that can be better used for taller coffee table books. You can also decorate bookshelves with personal items, such as photographs and souvenirs. Not only will this break up the rows of books visually, it will also give you room to expand as your collection grows.H. As your bookshelves creep up the wall, you may need a library ladder to reach them. While any step stool or ladder will do, rolling library ladders add an elegant, whimsical (异想天开的) touch. The ladders attach to the shelf on a tracking rod, and the bottom of the ladder has wheels, so that you can move effortlessly from one end of the library to the other.I. When considering other library furniture, think about how you"ll be using the room. If you"ll be writing and taking notes on your reading, you may want a desk or a lap desk. Desks and bookstands are also helpful for reading those big volumes that are too heavy to hold up comfortably. Overstuffed (加有厚软垫的) couches and chairs will beckon guests to spend a few hours reading, but if you fall asleep as soon as you hit the couch, you may need to consider other options, particularly if you"ll be doing scholarly or professional reading.J. Wherever you"re sitting, it will be hard to enjoy a library if you"re suffering from eye strain, fatigue and headaches, which can all be brought on by poor lighting. When selecting lighting, look for a lamp that will help you see the smallest text you read. The lamp should be positioned over your shoulder, so that the light is not directly in your eyes. Positioning it this way will also help to minimise glare. Your lamp should be brighter than the rest of the room but not that much brighter. However, all light will eventually damage books, so use it at a minimum.Book careK. Do you devour (贪婪) books quickly You"re not the only one. Some insects love books, but not for a good story. Bookworms are not just those readers that have their nose in a book all the time. The more dangerous kind will tunnel through the book, eat the pages and lay eggs in it.L. Once you identify an infestation, isolate the affected books. In some cases, you can seal the books in plastic bags and freeze them to kill the insects. Keeping your library free of excess moisture and dust will help to prevent an attack by these insets and vermin (害虫).M. Controlling moisture and dust doesn"t just keep away the book bugs though. Moisture in the air will also promote the growth of fungus and mold. Mold develops at temperatures greater than 70℉, and with 65 percent relative humidity. Dehumidifiers will suck excess moisture out of the air, moisture that could otherwise lead to loose bindings, stains and mildew. Oppositely, too little humidity can dry out books, so use a humidifier in the drier winter months. Dust is also a magnet for moisture and mildew, so periodically dusting the tops of books will keep them clean.N. In addition to a humidifier, you also might need a fan to keep the library well-ventilated. Books should be stored away from radiators and kept in a room between 60℉ and 70℉. Air conditioners and fans are fine to use to keep the temperature down. Extreme heat will damage books; if heat occurs in a room with low humidity, the fibers in the books will dehydrate, turning the pages fragile. In combination with high humidity, heat creates ideal growing conditions for mold.O. As we mentioned in the last section, lighting can damage books because it leads to bleaching (漂白), fading and eventual deterioration. Natural lighting is the most dangerous. If your library has windows, draw the blinds or curtains to minimise injury. Limiting the intensity of light and duration of exposure will help to preserve the books. To prevent your books from being attacked by bookworms, you should keep your library free of excess moisture and dust.
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How to Create a Home LibraryA. "I cannot live without books," declared US President Thomas Jefferson to his friend John Adams. Indeed, Jefferson was an obsessive book collector from a young age, amassing (收集) three separate home libraries in his lifetime. The first collection was destroyed when his family home burned down in 1770. When the Library of Congress was destroyed in the War of 1812, Jefferson sold his second collection of about 6,000 books to the federal library. Jefferson"s library was considered the finest in the country, and his collection doubled the holdings of the Library of Congress. Still, Jefferson didn"t let the shelves at Monticello sit empty. By the time he died 11 years later, he had more than 2,000 volumes in his library.B. Jefferson"s library might fit your conception of an old-fashioned home library with leather-bound books, wood paneling and uncomfortable furniture. But home libraries can be a dynamic expression of the owner"s personality. Creating a home library is a fun way to display your interests while establishing a special space for reading.Home library organisationC. When you started using the public library, you probably learned about Melvil Dewey and his system for ordering libraries. The Dewey Decimal Classification System has ten broad categories for organising books, including philosophy, religion and the arts. Each category is assigned a number, so for example, when you want a book on modern art, you head to the 700 block. Larger libraries, such as those at universities, tend to use the Library of Congress Classification System because it offers a more specific array of subjects for categorisation, adding subjects such as medicine and law for a total of 21 categories.D. Your home library may or may not be as large as your local public library, but a good system of organisation will still help you find the book you want quickly. You could take a page from Dewey and the Library of Congress and sort books by subject matter. Sections for subjects such as history, technology or fiction might make their retrieval easier. This system also would allow you to highlight a particular passion, such as an extensive collection of World War Ⅱ history.E. Here are some other ways to organise a collection: 1) Alphabetising by author works well for fiction but not necessarily for nonfiction books of various subjects. 2) Judging a book by its cover is usually frowned upon, but sorting by colour can be aesthetically (从审美上) pleasing to some. Those generally forgetful about the colours of their books might disagree. 3) After a painful breakup, the main character in Nick Homby"s book High Fidelity organises his record collection autobiographically in the order he acquired them. A chronological organisation might include shelves that track the progress of your life, from beloved childhood reading and college textbooks to parenting books. 4) To some readers, there are two ways to look at books: read and unread. Prioritising (区分优先次序) when you might need the book will allow you to keep unread books at the forefront of your collection, as well as books you reach for frequently, such as reference books or favourite novels.Library furnitureF. While it might be difficult for a book lover to spend money on something other than books, at some point, you will need some bookshelves. Built-in bookshelves can provide floor-to-ceiling storage and space savings. They can be tucked under staircases or other out-of-the-way spaces; however, they"re not a good choice for renters, and they can represent a big investment in terms of price and installation. Freestanding bookcases are widely available in a variety of sizes, colours and price points. You can also mount hanging bookshelves onto the wall or buy glass cases, which might be preferable if your collection includes antique books that you want to preserve.G. Sagging poses the main threat to bookshelves. A bookshelf that is 36 inches long should have shelves at least one inch thick. If it"s longer, then it should be thicker so that it won"t droop under the weight. One tip for maximising space on the shelves is to use adjustable bookshelves, so that very small books don"t take up space that can be better used for taller coffee table books. You can also decorate bookshelves with personal items, such as photographs and souvenirs. Not only will this break up the rows of books visually, it will also give you room to expand as your collection grows.H. As your bookshelves creep up the wall, you may need a library ladder to reach them. While any step stool or ladder will do, rolling library ladders add an elegant, whimsical (异想天开的) touch. The ladders attach to the shelf on a tracking rod, and the bottom of the ladder has wheels, so that you can move effortlessly from one end of the library to the other.I. When considering other library furniture, think about how you"ll be using the room. If you"ll be writing and taking notes on your reading, you may want a desk or a lap desk. Desks and bookstands are also helpful for reading those big volumes that are too heavy to hold up comfortably. Overstuffed (加有厚软垫的) couches and chairs will beckon guests to spend a few hours reading, but if you fall asleep as soon as you hit the couch, you may need to consider other options, particularly if you"ll be doing scholarly or professional reading.J. Wherever you"re sitting, it will be hard to enjoy a library if you"re suffering from eye strain, fatigue and headaches, which can all be brought on by poor lighting. When selecting lighting, look for a lamp that will help you see the smallest text you read. The lamp should be positioned over your shoulder, so that the light is not directly in your eyes. Positioning it this way will also help to minimise glare. Your lamp should be brighter than the rest of the room but not that much brighter. However, all light will eventually damage books, so use it at a minimum.Book careK. Do you devour (贪婪) books quickly You"re not the only one. Some insects love books, but not for a good story. Bookworms are not just those readers that have their nose in a book all the time. The more dangerous kind will tunnel through the book, eat the pages and lay eggs in it.L. Once you identify an infestation, isolate the affected books. In some cases, you can seal the books in plastic bags and freeze them to kill the insects. Keeping your library free of excess moisture and dust will help to prevent an attack by these insets and vermin (害虫).M. Controlling moisture and dust doesn"t just keep away the book bugs though. Moisture in the air will also promote the growth of fungus and mold. Mold develops at temperatures greater than 70℉, and with 65 percent relative humidity. Dehumidifiers will suck excess moisture out of the air, moisture that could otherwise lead to loose bindings, stains and mildew. Oppositely, too little humidity can dry out books, so use a humidifier in the drier winter months. Dust is also a magnet for moisture and mildew, so periodically dusting the tops of books will keep them clean.N. In addition to a humidifier, you also might need a fan to keep the library well-ventilated. Books should be stored away from radiators and kept in a room between 60℉ and 70℉. Air conditioners and fans are fine to use to keep the temperature down. Extreme heat will damage books; if heat occurs in a room with low humidity, the fibers in the books will dehydrate, turning the pages fragile. In combination with high humidity, heat creates ideal growing conditions for mold.O. As we mentioned in the last section, lighting can damage books because it leads to bleaching (漂白), fading and eventual deterioration. Natural lighting is the most dangerous. If your library has windows, draw the blinds or curtains to minimise injury. Limiting the intensity of light and duration of exposure will help to preserve the books. During his whole life, US President Thomas Jefferson built three separate libraries at his home.
While notable improvements have been made, nearly 750 million people—half in sub-Saharan Africa and half in Asia—still lack access to clean drinking water, a new report released by WHO and UNICEF has concluded.While the figures are grim, there has been a considerable amount of progress over the past two decades in working toward universal access to basic drinking water, sanitation and hygiene. Since 1990, 2.3 billion people have gained access to improved sources of drinking water. The percentage of people defecating in the open dropped 21 percent from 1.3 billion people in 1990 to 1 billion in 2012.What the report also found, though, is that improved access to sanitation and clean drinking water also often widens the growing divide between the rich and poor, since it"s usually the impoverished and marginalized groups. "Interventions that do not have an equity focus may exacerbate (使恶化) inequality by failing to reach the most disadvantaged subgroups," the report noted. "Closing these gaps requires explicit consideration of those who are being left behind."The availability of clean water is a matter of life or death, particularly for vulnerable children. Every 21 seconds, a child dies from a water-related disease, according to Water.org. And that"s actually a marked improvement compared to recent years. Five years ago, 1,656 more children died each day from such diseases as dysentery (痢疾), dehydration (脱水), cholera and diarrhea (腹泻). Still, diarrhea—which is both preventable and treatable—remains the second leading cause of death among children under 5, according to WHO.The issue isn"t just a lack of resources, but also a lack of awareness. According to the report, uneducated children are more likely to defecate in the open.However, the report also offered up some supporting news with regard to the UN"s Millennium Development Goals. Fifty-six countries have already halved the proportion of the population that lacks access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation.Advocates agree that clean water and sanitation play a critical role not just in improving overall health, but also in putting an end to global poverty."There is a growing consensus that they should focus on universal access to safe water and sanitation as a part of the push to end extreme poverty by 2030," Tom Slaymaker, WaterAid"s deputy head of policy, told Thomson Reuters Foundation. "The only way in which we are going to get there is by having a very serious commitment and focus on reducing inequalities." What can be inferred from the last three paragraphs
在中国，节日里选用食物很讲究，不同的节日吃不同的食物。如北方除夕的夜晚要吃饺子，既有团圆的意思，又有辞旧迎新的意思。正月十五元宵节，是狂欢的节日，这个节日人们会选择吃元宵，元宵象征团网、圆满。为了纪念屈原，端午节要吃粽子，两千多年前，一位深受人们爱戴的诗人屈原被人陷害，在这一天投汩罗江自尽。传说人们往江中投掷粽子，是希望水里的龙王(the water dragon)不要带走他，后来人们就形成了端午节吃粽子的习俗。
While notable improvements have been made, nearly 750 million people—half in sub-Saharan Africa and half in Asia—still lack access to clean drinking water, a new report released by WHO and UNICEF has concluded.While the figures are grim, there has been a considerable amount of progress over the past two decades in working toward universal access to basic drinking water, sanitation and hygiene. Since 1990, 2.3 billion people have gained access to improved sources of drinking water. The percentage of people defecating in the open dropped 21 percent from 1.3 billion people in 1990 to 1 billion in 2012.What the report also found, though, is that improved access to sanitation and clean drinking water also often widens the growing divide between the rich and poor, since it"s usually the impoverished and marginalized groups. "Interventions that do not have an equity focus may exacerbate (使恶化) inequality by failing to reach the most disadvantaged subgroups," the report noted. "Closing these gaps requires explicit consideration of those who are being left behind."The availability of clean water is a matter of life or death, particularly for vulnerable children. Every 21 seconds, a child dies from a water-related disease, according to Water.org. And that"s actually a marked improvement compared to recent years. Five years ago, 1,656 more children died each day from such diseases as dysentery (痢疾), dehydration (脱水), cholera and diarrhea (腹泻). Still, diarrhea—which is both preventable and treatable—remains the second leading cause of death among children under 5, according to WHO.The issue isn"t just a lack of resources, but also a lack of awareness. According to the report, uneducated children are more likely to defecate in the open.However, the report also offered up some supporting news with regard to the UN"s Millennium Development Goals. Fifty-six countries have already halved the proportion of the population that lacks access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation.Advocates agree that clean water and sanitation play a critical role not just in improving overall health, but also in putting an end to global poverty."There is a growing consensus that they should focus on universal access to safe water and sanitation as a part of the push to end extreme poverty by 2030," Tom Slaymaker, WaterAid"s deputy head of policy, told Thomson Reuters Foundation. "The only way in which we are going to get there is by having a very serious commitment and focus on reducing inequalities." What has happened to vulnerable children in the face of water problems
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