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Passage Two When Mike Kelly first set out to build his own private space-ferry service, he figures his bread-and-butter business would be lofting satellite into high earth orbit. Now he thinks he may have figured wrong, "People were always asking me when they could go," says Kelly, who runs Kelly Space Technology, "I realized the real market is in space tourism." According to preliminary market surveys, there are 10,000 would-be space tourists willing to spend $1 million each to visit the final frontier. Space Adventures in Arlington have taken more than 130 deposits for a two-hour, $98,000 space tour tentatively set to occur by 2005. This may sound great, but there are a few hurdles. Putting a simple satellite into orbit--with no oxygen, life support or return trip necessary--already costs an astronomical $2,200/kg. And that doesn’t include the cost of insuring rich and possibly litigious (爱打官司的) passengers. The entire group of entrepreneurs trying to corner the space- tourism market has between them "just enough money to blow up one rocket". The U.S. space agency has plenty of money but zero interest in making space less expensive for the little guys. So the little guys are racing to do what the government has failed to do: design a reusable launch system that’s inexpensive, safe and reliable. Kelly Space’s prototype looks like a plane that has sprouted rocket engines. Rotary Rocket in California has a booster with rotors to make a helicopter-style return to earth. The first passenger countdowns are still years away, but bureaucrats at the Federal Aviation Administration in Washington are already informally discussing flight regulations. After all, you can’t be too prepared for a trip to that galaxy far, far away. Which of the following is the best title for the passage
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Think out-of-the-box British physician, author, inventor, and consultant Edward de Bono has had a major impact on the way we think and particularly in the field of creativity. He coined the phrase "lateral thinking" (水平思考)which involves approaching problems from diverse, unexpected angles and from different perspectives. Dr. de Bono meant to differentiate lateral thinking—in which you push the mind to make sudden turns—from vertical thinking, which is logical and sequential thinking. Lateral thinking can be learned, and Dr. de Bono has created several techniques to help you apply lateral thinking to problem solving and idea generation. Some of these are the following i think of as many different alternatives for solving a problem as you possibly can; challenge any assumptions you may have about your problem; and insert random elements which will encourage you to look at the problem from a different and unexpected perspective. Challenge your assumptions Assumptions are mental shortcuts: we assume that a situation we’re facing is like other situations we’ve encountered before, and that what worked then will work once again. In fact, the more experienced we are in a particular area, the more likely we are to bring lots of baggage to the problem, which can inhibit us from finding novel and creative solutions. In order to challenge your assumptions, write down all of the dominant ideas that apply to a particular situation and then deliberately challenge them. List all of the assumptions that you’re making and next to each one write a counter-assumption—not necessarily its negation, but its opposite. Once you drop preconceived notions you’re more likely to find better solutions. One approach—suggested by Jurgen Wolff on his blog Time to Write—is to pretend that you’re a Martian(火星人) that has just landed on earth and is seeing things on this planet for the first time. This would put you in a position of questioning everything, seeing your problem or situation with completely fresh eyes, and taking nothing for granted. Introduce random elements Selecting a random element that has absolutely no connection to the problem at hand provides an unexpected entry point to the problem so that you can face it from a unique angle. I’ve mentioned using a random word as an initial stimulus on this blog before. De Bono explains that the brain is so good at making connections that it will find a way to connect the random word to the problem at hand, no matter how remote the word may seem. Take a word from a random word generator—or open the dictionary to a random page and select a word— extract its underlying principles, and then apply them to your problem. Be careful not to discard a specific word because you simply conclude that it’s of no use and then getting another word instead. If you do this you’re probably just looking for a word that would neatly fit the problem you’re trying to solve. Instead of a word, you can also use a picture as the random element or even an object. In addition, the random element that you introduce can be a "false rule". Basically, you take a rule, quote, idea or suggestion from somewhere else and apply it to your own situation. How does applying the "false rule" to your problem make you see it differently What new elements does it introduce How does it shift your perception of the problem Does the general principle of the rule also apply to your problem The general principle of the random input, whether it’s a word, picture, object or false rule, is to open up new lines of thinking. If you’re stuck and have run out of ideas during the creative thinking process, try a random element to help you find a starting point. Two lateral thinking puzzles Here are two lateral thinking puzzles for you to try and resolve (the answers are provided below, but make an effort to resolve the problems before looking at the answer) 1. Acting on an anonymous phone call, the police raid a house to arrest a suspected murderer. They don’t know what he looks like, but they know his name is John. Inside they find a carpenter, a taxi driver, a car mechanic and a fireman playing cards. Without even asking his name, they immediately arrest the fireman. How do they know they’ve got their man 2. A murderer is condemned to death. He has to choose between three rooms. The first is full of raging fires, the second is full of assassins(刺客) with loaded guns, and the third is full of lions that haven’t eaten in 3 years. Which room is safest for him Solutions to the two lateral thinking problems above The solution to the first problem above is that there was only one man sitting at the table; the other three, the carpenter, the taxi driver, and the mechanic were women. As for the second problem, the safest room is the third. Lions that haven’t eaten in three years are dead. Lesson in lateral thinking Edward de Bono tells the story of a farmer in a small Indian village who owed lots of money to the village moneylender and did not have the means to pay it back. The moneylender was old and ugly and was attracted to the farmer’s beautiful young daughter. The devious moneylender proposed the following: he would pick up two pebbles from the road—one black and one white—and put them in a bag. The girl would then put her hand in the bag and take out a pebble. If she took out the black pebble, she had to marry the moneylender and her father’s debt would be forgiven. If she took out the white pebble, she didn’t have to marry the moneylender and her father’s debt would still be forgiven. If she refused to take out a pebble her father would be put in jail. As the moneylender bent down to pick up the pebbles from the road, the girl noticed that he picked up two black pebbles and put them in the bag. What should she do If you’re using logical thinking you would probably conclude that the girl should show that there were two black pebbles in the bag and expose the moneylender as a cheat. However, what the girl did was to put her hand in the bag and take out a pebble. She then pretended to stumble and let the pebble fall onto the pebble-strewn path where it immediately became lost among all the other pebbles. "Oh, how clumsy of me," she said, "But never mind, if you look into the bag for the one that’s left, you will be able to tell which pebble I picked." Obviously, since the pebble that was left in the bag was black, then she must have picked the white pebble. Since the moneylender couldn’t admit what he had done, the girl effectively turned what looked like an impossible situation into an advantage. Conclusion While logic is concerned with "truth" and "what is", lateral thinking is concerned with "possibilities" and "what could be". You can train your mind to automatically approach situations from different angles and perspectives. One way to this is by solving lateral thinking puzzles, which demand an open mind and a creative approach. Some people may fail to figure out puzzle 2, possibly because they didn’t realize, without food for 3 years, the lions should have been ______ rather than hungry and more dangerous.
高级工程师李某(中国公民)2011年11月工资收入为3600元，另有5项收入： (1)领取了上年度年终奖金9000元。 (2)一次取得建筑工程设计费30000元，同时从中拿出10000元通过民政局向灾区捐赠。 (3)取得利息收入5000元，其中国家发行的金融债券利息收入2000元，单位集资利息收入3000元。 (4)取得省人民政府颁发科技奖20000元。 (5)转让一项专有技术的使用权，取得收入20000元，该专有技术的研发成本是10000元。 要求：根据上述资料，分析回答下列小题。 李某11月份转让专有技术使用权收入应缴纳的个人所得税为（）元。
Passage Three Questions 33 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard.
The sun shines because it is made of glowing gases. It gives off its own light. The moon shines too, but it doesn’t give off any light of its own. We can see the moon only because it reflects light from the sun. The moon travels around the earth about every twenty-nine days. During this time, the moon looks as if it changes size and shape. It seems to grow from a small part of a shining circle into a full circle. Then it becomes small again. The moon doesn’t really change. It is just because we see different parts of it lit up by the sun. While the moon travels around the earth, it ______.
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