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Starting with his review of Skinner’s Verbal Behavior, Noam Chomsky had led the psycholinguists who argue that man has developed an innate (天生的) capacity for dealing with the linguistic universals common to all languages. Experience and learning then provide only information about the (1) instances of those universal aspects of language which are needed to communicate with other people within a particular language (2) .This linguistic approach (3) the view that language is built upon learned associations between words. What is learned is not strings of words per se (本身), but (4) rules that enable a speaker to (5) an infinite variety of novel sentences. (6) single words are learned as concepts: they do not stand in a one-to-one (7) with the particular thing signified, but (8) all members of a general class.This view of the innate aspect of language learning is at first not readily (9) into existing psychological frameworks and (10) a challenge that has stimulated much thought and new research directions. Chomsky argues that a precondition for language development is the existence of certain principles "intrinsic (原有的) to the mind" that provide invariant structures (11) perceiving, learning and thinking. Language (12) all of these processes; thus its study (13) our theories of knowledge in general.Basic to this model of language is the notion that a child’s learning of language is a kind of theory (14) . It’s thought to be accomplished (15) explicit instruction, (16) of intelligence level, at an early age when he is not capable of other complex (17) or motor achievements, and with relatively little reliable data to go on. (18) , the child constructs a theory of an ideal language which has broad (19) power. Chomsky argues that all children could not develop the same basic theory (20) it not for the innate existence of properties of mental organization which limit the possible properties of languages. Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.14（）
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Passage 2 The balance of payments is a statistical record of all the economic transaction between residents of the reporting country and residents of the rest of the world during a given time period. The usual reporting period for all the statistics included in the accounts is a year. A good or bad set of figures can have an influential effect on the exchange rate and can lead policy makers to change the content of their economic policies. Deficits may lead to the government raising interest rate or reducing public expenditure to reduce imports. Alternatively, deficits may lead to calls for protection against foreign imports or capital controls to defend the exchange rate. A key definition that needs to be resolved at the outset is that of a domestic and foreign resident. It is important to note that citizenship and residency are not necessarily the same thing from the viewpoint of the balance of payments statistics. The term residents comprises individuals, households, firms and the public authorities. There are some problems that arise with respect to the definition of a resident. Multinational corporations are by definition resident in more than one country. For the purposes of balance-of-payments reporting, the subsidiaries of a multinational are treated as being a resident in the country in which they are located even if their shares are actually owned by domestic residents. Another problem concerns the treatment of international organizations such as the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank and the United Nations. These institutions are treated as being foreign residents even though they may actually be located in the reporting country. For example although the International Monetary Fund is located in Washington, contributions by the US government to the Fund are included in the US balance-of-payments statistics because they are regarded as transactions with a foreign resident. Tourists are regarded as being foreign residents if they stay in the reporting country for less than one year. The criterion for a transaction to be included in the balance of payments is that it must involve a transaction between a resident of the reporting country and a resident from the rest of the world. Purchases and sales between residents from the same country are excluded. Which of the following statement is true
Section One Directions: In this section ,you will hear ten short statements. Each statement will be spoken only once. After each statement, there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.
Section One Directions: There are three passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should make the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET by drawing a single line through the center.Passage 1 Commercial bank deposits, including demand deposits, are subject to immediate withdrawal during regular banking hours at the request of the depositor with the exception of certain time deposits, discussed in this section. Demand deposits may be withdrawn in the form of currency or coin, or they may be transferred to another account at any commercial bank. Demand deposits at commercial banks can be transferred by bank check and are sometimes called checking accounts. No money interest is paid on demand deposits. Checkable NOW accounts, or share drafts at credit unions, which are available to consumers but not business depositors, pay interest. Technically, they are savings accounts that are accessible by a negotiable order of withdrawal. Savings deposits at commercial banks and thrifts can usually be withdrawn as currency or coin, or as a cashier’s check of the bank (a check drawn against the issuing bank) ; they may be trans-fenced into the depositor’s demand deposit account at the same bank, although technically the bank may refuse to withdraw or transfer a savings account for 30 days. Time deposit accounts with specified maturities are exceptions to the convention that commercial bank deposits should be convertible to cash on demand. Prior to the date of maturity, the bank may refuse to exchange such a time deposit claim or may impose a penalty fee. The time deposit pays interest, giving it one of the characteristics of other private bonds. Consumer or personal time deposits include CDs in denominations of less than $100,000. They are non-negotiable; that is, they cannot be sold and must be returned to the issuing bank by the original purchaser. Until 1976, there were effective ceilings on interest payments. In 1973, consumer CDs were first authorized with ceiling interest yields closer to market interest rates. They were called money market certificates. Into what kind of account can a savings deposit be transferred at the same bank
根据维果斯基的心理发展理论谈一谈教学与发展的关系。
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