题目内容
Which of the following is NOT true of the world's economic blocs？
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According to the passage, what is "hassle-prevention lying" (Line 2,Para 4)？
Countries at all levels of economic development face a similar challenge: to make their industries competitive in an increasingly integrated global economy. Despite sharing the same overall goal, though, countries face distinctive geographical issues in ensuring that their industries compete effectively. Industries in relatively developed countries must protect their markets from new competitors. Countries once governed or still governed by communist parties must prepare their industries to compete in a global market-driven economy. Developing countries of Africa, Asia, and Latin America must identify new markets and sources of revenue to generate industrial growth.
Competition among blocs Industrial competition in the relatively developed world increasingly takes place among blocs of countries. Countries within three groups—North America, Western Europe, and East Asia—cooperate more extensively with each other but compete against the other two regions to promote industrial growth.
In North America, the United States and Canada have eliminated virtually all trade barriers, while similar efforts have been made among the members of the European Community. Cooperation is less extensive in East Asia, where Japanese industries tend to set the lead in exporting industrial goods to other countries.
The free movement of most products across the borders has led to closer integration of industries within North America and Western Europe. For example, traditionally, most automobiles sold in Canada were manufactured in Canada, but now most automobiles sold in Canada are assembled in the United States. On balance, however, Canada exports twice as many automobiles to its southern neighbor as it imports. Every Chevrolet Caprice and Ford Taurus sold in Canada is actually assembled in the United States, but every Chevrolet Lumina and Ford Crown Victoria sold in the United States is actually assembled in Canada.
At the same time they have promoted internal cooperation, the three trading blocs have erected barriers to restrict the ability of industries from other regions to compete effectively. European Community members slap a tax on goods that were produced in other countries. Japan has lengthy permit procedures that effectively hinder foreign companies from selling there. The Japanese government maintains quotas on the number of automobiles its companies can export to the United States in order to counter charges of unfair competition.
Transnational corporations Industries within relatively developed countries are increasingly; controlled by large transnational corporations, sometimes called multinational corporations. A transnational corporation operates factories in countries other than the one in which its headquarters is located. Initially, transnational corporations were primarily American-owned, but in recent years Japanese, German, and other European companies have been active as well.
Some transnational corporations locate factories in other countries to expand their markets. Manufacturing the product where it is to be sold overcomes the restrictions that many countries place on imports. Furthermore, given the lack of economic growth in many relatively developed countries, a corporation may find that the only way it can increase sales is to move into another country. Transnational corporations also open factories in countries with lower-cost site factors, in order to reduce production costs. The site factor that varies among countries most dramatically is labor.
Japanese transnational corporations have been especially active in the United States in recent years. Several hundred Japanese-owned corporations have built factories in the United States, primarily to develop new markets for electronics, automotive components, and metal products. Most of these plants have been located in a handful of interior states, including Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, Michig
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Family The family is the institution most closely associated with the process of socialization. Obviously, one of its primary functions is the care and rearing of children. We experience socialization first as babies and infants living in families; it is here that we develop an initial sense of self. Most parents seek to help their children become competent adolescents and self-sufficient adults, which means socializing them into the norms and values of both the family and the larger society.
The development of the self is a critical aspect of the early years of one's life. In the United States, such social development includes exposure to cultural assumptions regarding sex differences. The term "gender roles" refers to expectations regarding the proper behavior, attitudes, and activities o{ males and females. As the primary agents of childhood socialization, parents play a critical role in guiding children into those gender roles deemed appropriate in a society. Other adults, older siblings, the mass media, and religious and educational institutions also have noticeable impact on a child's socialization into feminine and masculine norms. Differential treatment of children by adults is an influential aspect of gender-role socialization. Let us consider a hypothetical example of differential treatment of children which begins in the family. Ron and Louise are twins who both show an unusual interest in science at an early age. For his birthdays, Ron is given chemistry sets, telescopes, microscopes, and the liked however, despite asking for similar gifts, Louise is given miniature dollhouses, beautiful dresses, and dancing lessons.
When the twins are in junior high school, teachers take note of Ron's love for science. They encourage him to do special projects, to help with their laboratory work, and to join the science club. Louise is given no such encouragement; in fact, one teacher considers her fascination with astronomy "strange" for a girl. By the twins' high school years, Ron is well known as a "science whiz". The guidance counselor suggests that he attend a college with a strong science program in order to achieve his goal of becoming a biologist. Louise has realized that she would like to become an astr0nomer, but the counselor and her parents pressure her into preparing for a career as an early childhood teacher—a career which they see as more suitable for a woman.
During their college years, Ron and Louise might develop self-images as "scientist" and "teacher", respectively. On the other hand, Louise might get to college, switch her major, and become an astronomer despite everyone's opposition. Neither of these young people is a passive actor who will inevitably follow the traditional gender roles of American society. Yet it can be extremely difficult to pursue a career, or any other type of life choice, if one's parents, teachers, and the society as a whole seem to be telling you that you are unmasculine or feminine for doing so. Without question, differential socialization has a powerful impact on the development of American females and males.
Like other elements of culture, socialization patterns are not fixed. There has, for example, been a sustained challenge to traditional American gender-r01e socialization in the last 15 years, owing in good part to the efforts of the feminist movement. Nevertheless, despite such changes, children growing up in the 1980s are hardly free of traditional gender roles.
According to the passage, socialization can be best described as a process in which one learns how to ______.
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