What is the relationship between a natural resource use peak and the boundary value for a specific planetary boundary?(Please select one answer)
A. We have reached a peak for every single natural resource associated with planetary boundary processes
B. A peak in a natural resource use implies we have transgressed a planetary boundary and could be heading towards a tipping point
C. A peak in a natural resource use does not necessarily indicate whether we may be nearing a boundary value for a specific planetary boundary
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What is the main driver of increasing natural resource consumption identified in the lecture via the introduction of the 'IPAT' equation?(Please select one answer)
Affluence
B. Population growth
C. Technological development
Please select the correct statement with respect to the nature of interactions between planetary boundary processes(Please select one answer)
A. Interactions between boundary processes can be nonlinear
B. Only strong linear interactions between boundary processes influence the safe operating space
C. Like a squeezed balloon, the safe operating space has a constant volume
Which series of events is described by Dr. Cornell as an example of the interaction of different boundary processes?(Please select one answer)
A. Decreased vegetation cover leading to a change in albedo (surface reflectivity), which changes the climate system, influencing temperature and decreasing cloud cover, which leads to less rainfall, which feeds back and results in even less vegetation cover
B. Emission of Black carbon leads to changing the colour of large areas of arctic ice, which leads to a reduction in albedo (surface reflectivity) resulting in increased melting of arctic sea ice, which enables an increase in shipping transport through arctic waters which increases emissions of black carbon from shipping traffic.
C. A decrease in biomass through biodiversity loss leads to stronger CO2 uptake, resulting in global near-surface cooling and drives down biomass further due to climate-related extinctions.
Why is it important to account for interactions between PB processes?(Please select one answer)
A. Because a change in one boundary process can influence the safe space in connected processes
Because if two or more connected processes cross the threshold, the earth system will tip
C. Because when two boundaries interact, they can merge and create a new 'super' boundary process
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