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Green Roof ResearchThe concept of green roofs is basically about growing plants on roofs, thus helping to replace the green footprint that had been destroyed due to the construction of the building. Green roofs are the most prevalent (流行) in Germany, which is widely regarded as the leader in green roof research.The green roofs that are used these days can be classified as ’extensive’ and ’intensive’ systems. Extensive green roofs use mosses, grasses and herbs, which are tolerant to droughts. These plants do not need much maintenance, can be grown in a layer of. substrata (土层) that can be as shallow as 1.5 inches, and generally are inaccessible to the public. In contrast, a wide range of species of plants are grown on intensive green roofs, such as shrubs (灌木) and even trees, which require deeper substrate layers, and are usually grown on flat roofs. They need intensive maintenance, and are’ usually areas that resemble parks which are accessible to people.There are several benefits of adopting green roof technologies. Apart from the obvious psychological and aesthetic (美学的) benefits of garden-like environments surrounding you, some of the common economic and ecological benefits are.- a reduction in the consumption of energy; air and water purification; recovering green spaces; and the mitigation (缓解) of the heat island effect in urban areas.The green roof research that is currently ongoing is focused on evaluating the species of plants that are suitable to be grown on roofs, the methods of propagation (繁殖) as well as establishment, nutrient (养料) and water requirement, substrates, and the quantity and quality of water runoff. The evaluation criteria of plant species are: at what rate they can be established; their capacity to withstand invasive weeds; tolerance ’of cold, and heat; tolerance of drought conditions; capacity of persistence and survival.A number of experiments are being conducted on roof platform simulations at various research centers. These sites are generally outfitted with equipment, which are used to measure temperatures at different depths of the growing substrates, and the rate and volume of the runoff of stormwaters from each of the platforms.Green roof technology is representative of a completely new market for landscape contractors, and all roofs that currently exist and the future ones to be constructed are the potential market -- a market that is too huge to be overlooked. One of the benefits of green roofs is the reduction of the heat island effect in cities.（）
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Green Roof ResearchThe concept of green roofs is basically about growing plants on roofs, thus helping to replace the green footprint that had been destroyed due to the construction of the building. Green roofs are the most prevalent (流行) in Germany, which is widely regarded as the leader in green roof research.The green roofs that are used these days can be classified as ’extensive’ and ’intensive’ systems. Extensive green roofs use mosses, grasses and herbs, which are tolerant to droughts. These plants do not need much maintenance, can be grown in a layer of. substrata (土层) that can be as shallow as 1.5 inches, and generally are inaccessible to the public. In contrast, a wide range of species of plants are grown on intensive green roofs, such as shrubs (灌木) and even trees, which require deeper substrate layers, and are usually grown on flat roofs. They need intensive maintenance, and are’ usually areas that resemble parks which are accessible to people.There are several benefits of adopting green roof technologies. Apart from the obvious psychological and aesthetic (美学的) benefits of garden-like environments surrounding you, some of the common economic and ecological benefits are.- a reduction in the consumption of energy; air and water purification; recovering green spaces; and the mitigation (缓解) of the heat island effect in urban areas.The green roof research that is currently ongoing is focused on evaluating the species of plants that are suitable to be grown on roofs, the methods of propagation (繁殖) as well as establishment, nutrient (养料) and water requirement, substrates, and the quantity and quality of water runoff. The evaluation criteria of plant species are: at what rate they can be established; their capacity to withstand invasive weeds; tolerance ’of cold, and heat; tolerance of drought conditions; capacity of persistence and survival.A number of experiments are being conducted on roof platform simulations at various research centers. These sites are generally outfitted with equipment, which are used to measure temperatures at different depths of the growing substrates, and the rate and volume of the runoff of stormwaters from each of the platforms.Green roof technology is representative of a completely new market for landscape contractors, and all roofs that currently exist and the future ones to be constructed are the potential market -- a market that is too huge to be overlooked. One focus in the green roof research is the evaluation of suitable plant species.（）
54（）
The Supercomputer Network1. Recently, ten laboratories run by governments in different parts of the world have become linked. Their Computers have been connected so they can "talk" to each other. This may not seem very dramatic news, but it is the beginning of a development that will increase the power of the Internet tremendously.2. The Internet is an interconnected (互联) system of networks that connects computers round the world and facilitates the transmission and exchange of information. The way that you use the Internet is by accessing this network. This depends on the power that your system allows you to use. The power of your computer is responsible for how fast you can download (下载) files, how much data you can store, etc. If your computer is old and slow, accessing the information can be very difficult.3. The new development in information technology has been called "the grid" (网格持术), and it will be a network of computers that are linked together. The "grid’ will work in a different way from the Internet, enabling you to get the power of the biggest computers in the world on your computer. Accessing the information will no longer depend on the power of your computer. The idea is that while you access information, you will also have access to the power of the bigger computer stations.4. One advantage of this revolutionary idea is that geographical location will become irrelevant. The "grid" will decide which are the best parts of a worldwide network to do the job you want. This means that you may be accessing a computer in Japan to solve a problem in Alaska.5. The "grid" can be compared to having an efficient personal assistant. You can give your assistant a task and "he" will do it for you. The assistant will do the preliminary research, collect the data, compare them and decide on the best course of action by accessing any of the computer centres in the "grid" that happen to have the relevant information. All you have to do is assign the task, sit back and wait.6. At present, possible applications of the "grid" in scientific research are being explored. While it has taken about fifteen years for Internet use to become widespread, experts believe that the "grid" could be up and running for private individuals far more quickly. Scientists working on "grid" projects are convinced that it will be as widely used as the web in the next ten years. Paragraph 3 （）
Debate over the Use of Renewable EnergyAusubel of Rockefeller University in New York, US says the key renewable (可再生的) energy sources, including sun, wind and biofuels, would all require vast amounts of land if developed up to large scale production - unlike nuclear power. That land would be far better (51) alone, he says. Renewables look (52) when they are quite small. But if we start producing renewable energy on a large (53) , the fallout (结果) is going to be horrible.Ausubel draws his conclusions by analysing the amount of energy that renewables, natural gas and nuclei (原子核) can (54) in terms of power per square metre of land used. Moreover, he claims that (55) renewable energy use increases, this measure of efficiency will decrease as the best land for wind, biofuels, and solar power gets used up.Solar power is much more (56) than biofuel in terms of the area of land used, but it would still (57) 150 square kilometres of photovoltaic (光电的) cells to match the energy production of the 1000 MW nuclear plant. In another example, he says (58) the 2005 US electricity demand via wind power alone would need 780,000 square kilometres, an area the (59) of Texas.However, several experts are highly critical of Ausubel’s (60) . John Turner of the US government’s National Renewable Energy Laboratory says that even if the US got all of its (61) from solar energy, it would still need less than half the amount of land that has been paved over (62) highways. Further, it need not (63) up additional land. The US could get a quarter of its energy just from covering rooftops of existing buildings, he says.According to Turner, the same "dual use" also (64) to wind power. "The footprint for wind is only 5% of the land that it (65) . Farmers can still farm the land that the turbines are on." Turner says looking solely at land use is an oversimplification of the issue. 57（）
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