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The federal entity created by the Constitution is by far the dominant feature of the American governmental system. (1)_____ the system itself is in reality a mosaic, (2)_____ of thousands of smaller units—building blocks which together (3)_____ the whole. There are 50 state governments (4)_____ the government of the District of Columbia, and further down the ladder are still smaller units, (5)_____ counties, cities, towns and villages. This (6)_____ of governmental units is best understood (7)_____ the evolution of the United States. The federal system, it has been seen, was the last step in the (8)_____ process. Prior to its creation, there were the governments of the (9)_____ colonies (later states) and prior to (10)_____, the governments of counties and smaller units. One of the first tasks (11)_____ by the early English settlers was the creation of governmental units for the tiny (12)_____ they established along the Atlantic coast. Even before the Pilgrims disembarked (13)_____ their ship in 1620, they (14)_____ the Mayflower Compact, the first written American constitution. And as the new nation pushed (15)_____ each frontier outpost created its own government to manage its affairs. The drafters of the U.S. Constitution left this multilayered governmental system (16)_____. While they made the national structure supreme, they wisely (17)_____ the need for a series of governments more directly in (18)_____ with the people and more keenly attuned(合拍) to their needs. Thus, certain (19)_____ such as defense, currency regulation and foreign relations—could only be managed by a strong centralized government. But (20)_____ such as sanitation, education and local transportation—belong mainly to local jurisdictions(管辖权).
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The federal entity created by the Constitution is by far the dominant feature of the American governmental system. (1)_____ the system itself is in reality a mosaic, (2)_____ of thousands of smaller units—building blocks which together (3)_____ the whole. There are 50 state governments (4)_____ the government of the District of Columbia, and further down the ladder are still smaller units, (5)_____ counties, cities, towns and villages. This (6)_____ of governmental units is best understood (7)_____ the evolution of the United States. The federal system, it has been seen, was the last step in the (8)_____ process. Prior to its creation, there were the governments of the (9)_____ colonies (later states) and prior to (10)_____, the governments of counties and smaller units. One of the first tasks (11)_____ by the early English settlers was the creation of governmental units for the tiny (12)_____ they established along the Atlantic coast. Even before the Pilgrims disembarked (13)_____ their ship in 1620, they (14)_____ the Mayflower Compact, the first written American constitution. And as the new nation pushed (15)_____ each frontier outpost created its own government to manage its affairs. The drafters of the U.S. Constitution left this multilayered governmental system (16)_____. While they made the national structure supreme, they wisely (17)_____ the need for a series of governments more directly in (18)_____ with the people and more keenly attuned(合拍) to their needs. Thus, certain (19)_____ such as defense, currency regulation and foreign relations—could only be managed by a strong centralized government. But (20)_____ such as sanitation, education and local transportation—belong mainly to local jurisdictions(管辖权).
Technologists aren"t usually known for their sense of humor, but last week Scott McNealy, chief executive of Sun Microsystems, was working hard to come up with the Quip of the Day. For four contentious hours, he and another casualty of the software wars, Netscape"s Jim Barksdale, took turns before the Senate Judiciary committee slamming their nemesis, Bill Gates. They called him a predator, a monopolist, the "most dangerous and powerful industrialist of our age!. Microsoft"s Windows operating systems, driving 90 percent of the computers across the land, are the railroads of our dawning Information Age. No one person should be allowed to control them, they argued. Cyberspace should be open to all, Gates insisted it still was. He"s no monopolist, he told the senators. Windows is vulnerable. So is his company. "Technology is ever-changing", Gates retorted. Who knows what new wave will come along and sweep even mighty Microsoft into the dustbin of history To many that sounded a bit disingenuous, given Microsoft"s dominance, and the lawmakers were skeptical, to say the least. But might Gates be right Last week"s other big tech news gave just such a hint. First, Intel announced a surprise drop in first-quarter earnings. That was followed late Friday by report that Compaq"s financials would also be disappointing. Demand for computers seems to be slowing, analyst suggested—a trend due in part to a range of short-term factors, including Asia"s economic crisis. "I don"t think we have clear date either as a company or an industry as to what these numbers mean", says Intel spokesman Howard High, True enough. But the slowdown is a sharp reminder that consumer demand for computers has fallen short of the hype surrounding the Info Revolution. Three years ago, 31 percent of U.S. house holds owned a computer. Today, 40 percent do. "We should be at 60 to 65 percent", says Nick Donatiello, president of Odyssey Communications, a San Francisco market-research firm. For most Americans, he suggests, the personal computer is not yet the indispensable tool that digital enthusiasts think it is. Today, new products are coming out that resemble computers but aren"t, and they may eventually appeal to frustrated consumers more than hard-to-use PCs. The computer "is a technology-driven device made by technologists for technologists who don"t know any better", says Donald Norman, senior technical adviser to Hewlett Packard. At the same time, new alliances between companies and industries are aiming to dash in on the Internet of tomorrow—without partnering with the titans of today. If all this poses a challenge for Intel, it portends even greater difficulties for Microsoft. All the challenges and threats pose a compelling question: if Microsoft enjoys the monopoly critics say it has, how long will it last What"s implied in the sentence "The computer is a technology-driven device made by technologists for technologists who don"t know any better"
为什么说革命和改革都是解放生产力
You have a neighbor who regularly cooks food on a very smoky outdoor barbecue. The smoke blows directly into your home. You have complained to your neighbor, but he refuses to clean the barbecue. Write to the local police and explain your problem. Your writing should include the following items: 1) explain what is wrong; 2) give details; 3) ask for help to fix the problem. You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Wang Hong" instead. You do not need to write the address.
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