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TEXT C James Michener In his long writing life, James Michener aimed to donate at least 90 percent of what he earned from his 43 novels. He seems to have more than made his goal; at his death, in October 1997, his assets were estimated at less than US $ 10 million. He had given away US $ 117 million. Michener makes a good example for other philanthropists, not just in how much he gave, but in his style of giving. The writer worked hard at doing good, following up his donations to see how the money was used. He gave to things for which he had a passion, and he had a lot of fun in doing so. Michener was 90, when he died. He was on Fortune magazine’s list of America’s top 25 philanthropists--the only writer in a crowd of tycoons. Asked, shortly before his death, whether he ever wished he had his millions back, he said sure, so that he should have the pleasure of giving them away again. Too often, says Nelson Aldrich, editor of The American Benefactor, a magazine about philanthropists, the rich give without much imagination. "They give to the college they went to, and the hospital where they’ll die," says. "And most of the rich are stingy; few give even as much as 10 percent, the traditional title. They hold on to the myth of not darkness capital." Michener did, in fact, give to his college - US $ 7.2 million to Swarthmore, in Pennsylvania. He called it a repayment for the US $ 2,000 basketball scholarship they gave him in 1925. As he wrote to the college president in 1969," Coming as I did from a family with no income at all, and with no prospects whatever, college was the narrow door that led from darkness into light." His will leaves almost everything to Swarthmore, including fire, re royalties from his books. Michener always described himself as a founding, beta in New York City and raised by Mabel Michener, a Quaker widow, in Doylestown, Pennsylvania. She lived, he said, by taking in other people’s children and other people’s laundry. For his last 15 years, Michener lived modestly in Austin, Texas, where he has moved to write the 1,000 - page saga Texas. Each of his big best sellers, including Texas, Hawaii and Covenant made about US $ 5million. And there were 20 of them. What’s more, he still collected royalties from the musical and movie South Pacific, which was inspired by his first book, Tales of the South Pacific, written when he was 40. Frail from kidney disease in his last years, Michener was pretty much confined to a reclining chair in a small study, simply decorated. There were few personal possessions besides some photos of himself and his last wife, and as unframed faded poster of Tahiti. A source of pleasure and company in those years was the Texas Centre for Writers. His largest gift, to-tailing US $ 64.2 million, went to the University of Texas, with US $ 18 million going to found and support the writers’centre. He got a lot back, he said--" You meet bright people, you can consult with anybody there, and there are 23 libraries on campus." Every year Michener would meet with the 10 incoming students, one by one, and he went out with them every fall to the salt Lick barbecue restaurant, lie often ale at the college cafeteria, centre director James Magnuson recalls. He enjoyed their barbecue chicken special. His gift to the Texas Centre included hundreds of modern American paintings worth a total of US $ 31 million. His US $ 25 million collection of Japanese prints had already been donated to Honolulu’s city art gallery. His next largest gift was $ 11.5 million to two museums and the library in his hometown of Doylestown. Michener’s smaller gifts also reveal a lot about where his affections lay. And they reveal that it was a very good thing to have James Miehener working in your vicinity. While researching Alaska, for example, he lived in a log cabin near the tiny Sheldon Jackson College in Sitka. He used the campus library and sat and talked to students in the cafeteria. After he left, he gave the college US $ 750,000 for scholarships. After living in Houston on write Space, he endowed a college scholarship fund for the children of Nasa employees pursuing careers in science or engineering. Since 1982,73 scholarships have been given out. After writing Centennial, on the settling of the West, Michener donated US $ 50,000 to help pay for the Nebraska National Trails Museum. The University of Miami, where Michener did his research for Caribbean ,got US $ 1 million for a writing programme for graduate students ,especially those from the islands. Similarly, after finishing Poland, Michener established a US $ 400,000 fund to support Polish writers. Michener considered himself a professional. writer, not an author; "author" struck him as a pretentious term. Like his writing, his philanthropy was intended to educate; thus this support of colleges, libraries and museums. Michener was generous to writers, whose books were very different from him. For example, he endowed a US $ 30,000 ------- as year fellowship at the University of Houston named for Donald Barthelme, a notably surreal and sophisticated fiction writer. Michener endowed eight fellowships a year for graduates of the Univeristy of Iowa Writers Workshop, where the books produced tend to be slimmer, subtler and moodier than the typical Michener. The money was to support the young poets and novelists for a year while they struggled to get published. Frank Conroy, work-shop director, remembers, "It wasn’t just a case of, here’s some money, go and do good.’ He was a man who knew it was not easy to do good. You have to think, and think hard, to do good." Which of the following is true according to the text
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TEXT C James Michener In his long writing life, James Michener aimed to donate at least 90 percent of what he earned from his 43 novels. He seems to have more than made his goal; at his death, in October 1997, his assets were estimated at less than US $ 10 million. He had given away US $ 117 million. Michener makes a good example for other philanthropists, not just in how much he gave, but in his style of giving. The writer worked hard at doing good, following up his donations to see how the money was used. He gave to things for which he had a passion, and he had a lot of fun in doing so. Michener was 90, when he died. He was on Fortune magazine’s list of America’s top 25 philanthropists--the only writer in a crowd of tycoons. Asked, shortly before his death, whether he ever wished he had his millions back, he said sure, so that he should have the pleasure of giving them away again. Too often, says Nelson Aldrich, editor of The American Benefactor, a magazine about philanthropists, the rich give without much imagination. "They give to the college they went to, and the hospital where they’ll die," says. "And most of the rich are stingy; few give even as much as 10 percent, the traditional title. They hold on to the myth of not darkness capital." Michener did, in fact, give to his college - US $ 7.2 million to Swarthmore, in Pennsylvania. He called it a repayment for the US $ 2,000 basketball scholarship they gave him in 1925. As he wrote to the college president in 1969," Coming as I did from a family with no income at all, and with no prospects whatever, college was the narrow door that led from darkness into light." His will leaves almost everything to Swarthmore, including fire, re royalties from his books. Michener always described himself as a founding, beta in New York City and raised by Mabel Michener, a Quaker widow, in Doylestown, Pennsylvania. She lived, he said, by taking in other people’s children and other people’s laundry. For his last 15 years, Michener lived modestly in Austin, Texas, where he has moved to write the 1,000 - page saga Texas. Each of his big best sellers, including Texas, Hawaii and Covenant made about US $ 5million. And there were 20 of them. What’s more, he still collected royalties from the musical and movie South Pacific, which was inspired by his first book, Tales of the South Pacific, written when he was 40. Frail from kidney disease in his last years, Michener was pretty much confined to a reclining chair in a small study, simply decorated. There were few personal possessions besides some photos of himself and his last wife, and as unframed faded poster of Tahiti. A source of pleasure and company in those years was the Texas Centre for Writers. His largest gift, to-tailing US $ 64.2 million, went to the University of Texas, with US $ 18 million going to found and support the writers’centre. He got a lot back, he said--" You meet bright people, you can consult with anybody there, and there are 23 libraries on campus." Every year Michener would meet with the 10 incoming students, one by one, and he went out with them every fall to the salt Lick barbecue restaurant, lie often ale at the college cafeteria, centre director James Magnuson recalls. He enjoyed their barbecue chicken special. His gift to the Texas Centre included hundreds of modern American paintings worth a total of US $ 31 million. His US $ 25 million collection of Japanese prints had already been donated to Honolulu’s city art gallery. His next largest gift was $ 11.5 million to two museums and the library in his hometown of Doylestown. Michener’s smaller gifts also reveal a lot about where his affections lay. And they reveal that it was a very good thing to have James Miehener working in your vicinity. While researching Alaska, for example, he lived in a log cabin near the tiny Sheldon Jackson College in Sitka. He used the campus library and sat and talked to students in the cafeteria. After he left, he gave the college US $ 750,000 for scholarships. After living in Houston on write Space, he endowed a college scholarship fund for the children of Nasa employees pursuing careers in science or engineering. Since 1982,73 scholarships have been given out. After writing Centennial, on the settling of the West, Michener donated US $ 50,000 to help pay for the Nebraska National Trails Museum. The University of Miami, where Michener did his research for Caribbean ,got US $ 1 million for a writing programme for graduate students ,especially those from the islands. Similarly, after finishing Poland, Michener established a US $ 400,000 fund to support Polish writers. Michener considered himself a professional. writer, not an author; "author" struck him as a pretentious term. Like his writing, his philanthropy was intended to educate; thus this support of colleges, libraries and museums. Michener was generous to writers, whose books were very different from him. For example, he endowed a US $ 30,000 ------- as year fellowship at the University of Houston named for Donald Barthelme, a notably surreal and sophisticated fiction writer. Michener endowed eight fellowships a year for graduates of the Univeristy of Iowa Writers Workshop, where the books produced tend to be slimmer, subtler and moodier than the typical Michener. The money was to support the young poets and novelists for a year while they struggled to get published. Frank Conroy, work-shop director, remembers, "It wasn’t just a case of, here’s some money, go and do good.’ He was a man who knew it was not easy to do good. You have to think, and think hard, to do good." Which title is more appropriate to express the primary idea
TEXT A I want to make use of this short gathering to make clear our working requirement. This is a big company, and all clerks should know how to produce good effects, of course, including me, manager-in-chief. Everyone here, I think, must know how to distinguish the right from the wrong. But it is not enough to know what is right and what is wrong. One must also be able to apply this knowledge to actual, concrete situations. For that, the virtue of prudence is essential. St Thomas Aquinas referred to prudence as the "rudder virtue", the one that "steers the others. Without it, we are like someone adrift in a boat, tossed in this direction or that by the wind, the waves, and the current. Unfortunately, the virtue of prudence has too often been confused with caution. Thus, the "prudent” person is one who never "rocks the boat" and is especially careful to avoid offending those who are in a position to advance their interests--or to thwart them. The word that actually comes closest to functioning as a synonym for prudence is "discernment". The prudent person is one who can "size up" a situation and decide, or discern, what is the wisest and most moral course of action to take. Accordingly, prudence doesn’t answer the question, "What is the right thing in principle to do"Rather, "What is the right thing for me (Or for us) to do in this situation" The prudent person fully examines a situation and seeks advice from others, (Reaching out to others for counsel before acting is one of the classic marks of a prudent person.) A judgement is made in the light of this examination and advice, and then a decision is made. The exercise of prudence presupposes that the person knows the relevant moral principles, has a fund of experience from which to draw, has the ability to make the best use of the experience, and has a capacity to learn from others (which means a capacity to listen attentively to what others are saying). The prudent person can also recognise the implications of a given situation and of a line of action to be taken under the circumstances. The prudent person has the Vision and foresight to anticipate obstacles and to plan to surmount them. In the final analysis, the prudent person has the ability to take every relevant factor and circumstance into account and then to make a moral decision in light of it all. So, I hope we can try to be a prudent person and apply this virtue of prudence to our work, and do better and achieve more in our work. The anther is ______.
TEXT C James Michener In his long writing life, James Michener aimed to donate at least 90 percent of what he earned from his 43 novels. He seems to have more than made his goal; at his death, in October 1997, his assets were estimated at less than US $ 10 million. He had given away US $ 117 million. Michener makes a good example for other philanthropists, not just in how much he gave, but in his style of giving. The writer worked hard at doing good, following up his donations to see how the money was used. He gave to things for which he had a passion, and he had a lot of fun in doing so. Michener was 90, when he died. He was on Fortune magazine’s list of America’s top 25 philanthropists--the only writer in a crowd of tycoons. Asked, shortly before his death, whether he ever wished he had his millions back, he said sure, so that he should have the pleasure of giving them away again. Too often, says Nelson Aldrich, editor of The American Benefactor, a magazine about philanthropists, the rich give without much imagination. "They give to the college they went to, and the hospital where they’ll die," says. "And most of the rich are stingy; few give even as much as 10 percent, the traditional title. They hold on to the myth of not darkness capital." Michener did, in fact, give to his college - US $ 7.2 million to Swarthmore, in Pennsylvania. He called it a repayment for the US $ 2,000 basketball scholarship they gave him in 1925. As he wrote to the college president in 1969," Coming as I did from a family with no income at all, and with no prospects whatever, college was the narrow door that led from darkness into light." His will leaves almost everything to Swarthmore, including fire, re royalties from his books. Michener always described himself as a founding, beta in New York City and raised by Mabel Michener, a Quaker widow, in Doylestown, Pennsylvania. She lived, he said, by taking in other people’s children and other people’s laundry. For his last 15 years, Michener lived modestly in Austin, Texas, where he has moved to write the 1,000 - page saga Texas. Each of his big best sellers, including Texas, Hawaii and Covenant made about US $ 5million. And there were 20 of them. What’s more, he still collected royalties from the musical and movie South Pacific, which was inspired by his first book, Tales of the South Pacific, written when he was 40. Frail from kidney disease in his last years, Michener was pretty much confined to a reclining chair in a small study, simply decorated. There were few personal possessions besides some photos of himself and his last wife, and as unframed faded poster of Tahiti. A source of pleasure and company in those years was the Texas Centre for Writers. His largest gift, to-tailing US $ 64.2 million, went to the University of Texas, with US $ 18 million going to found and support the writers’centre. He got a lot back, he said--" You meet bright people, you can consult with anybody there, and there are 23 libraries on campus." Every year Michener would meet with the 10 incoming students, one by one, and he went out with them every fall to the salt Lick barbecue restaurant, lie often ale at the college cafeteria, centre director James Magnuson recalls. He enjoyed their barbecue chicken special. His gift to the Texas Centre included hundreds of modern American paintings worth a total of US $ 31 million. His US $ 25 million collection of Japanese prints had already been donated to Honolulu’s city art gallery. His next largest gift was $ 11.5 million to two museums and the library in his hometown of Doylestown. Michener’s smaller gifts also reveal a lot about where his affections lay. And they reveal that it was a very good thing to have James Miehener working in your vicinity. While researching Alaska, for example, he lived in a log cabin near the tiny Sheldon Jackson College in Sitka. He used the campus library and sat and talked to students in the cafeteria. After he left, he gave the college US $ 750,000 for scholarships. After living in Houston on write Space, he endowed a college scholarship fund for the children of Nasa employees pursuing careers in science or engineering. Since 1982,73 scholarships have been given out. After writing Centennial, on the settling of the West, Michener donated US $ 50,000 to help pay for the Nebraska National Trails Museum. The University of Miami, where Michener did his research for Caribbean ,got US $ 1 million for a writing programme for graduate students ,especially those from the islands. Similarly, after finishing Poland, Michener established a US $ 400,000 fund to support Polish writers. Michener considered himself a professional. writer, not an author; "author" struck him as a pretentious term. Like his writing, his philanthropy was intended to educate; thus this support of colleges, libraries and museums. Michener was generous to writers, whose books were very different from him. For example, he endowed a US $ 30,000 ------- as year fellowship at the University of Houston named for Donald Barthelme, a notably surreal and sophisticated fiction writer. Michener endowed eight fellowships a year for graduates of the Univeristy of Iowa Writers Workshop, where the books produced tend to be slimmer, subtler and moodier than the typical Michener. The money was to support the young poets and novelists for a year while they struggled to get published. Frank Conroy, work-shop director, remembers, "It wasn’t just a case of, here’s some money, go and do good.’ He was a man who knew it was not easy to do good. You have to think, and think hard, to do good." When was James Michener born
IntroductionLinguistics has both practical and philosophical motivations. So both the first and second editions of this text were directed toward students of [1] ______ many [1] ______. This third edition continues and further develops this approach.We have aimed to dispel a number of myths about language and to discuss the various aspects of language from both an [2] ______ and current [2] ______point of view. Part one is "The Nature of Human Language. "Then we discuss speech sounds or [3] ______ and includes a passage on machines [3] ______ that "talk’and "understand".On phonology we demonstrate how sounds form [4] ______. Because [4] ______of this, written forms of language are very late in the history of human language.Then we discuss other [5] ______ aspects of language how words [5] ______ are formed; what words, phrases, and sentences mean; and how words are put together to form sentences. Morphology, semantics, syntax are very im- sortant in our discussion and take an important role.In "Social Aspects of Language, "we consider language in [6] ______ [6] ______md how languages change over time. In "The [7] ______. Aspects of Lan- [7] ______guage, "we talk about child language, animal communication systems and [8] ______9rain [8] ______ underlying language knowledge and use.Also, the [9] ______ languages of the deaf are discussed in greater [9] ______detail. The newest findings on whether chimpanzees and gorillas can learnlanguage are presented. In every lesson the [10] ______ underlying the [10] ______ diersity of phenomena observed in human language are highlighted.
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