题目内容
Americans with disabilities are a widely diverse group of people with varying levels of independence and needs. The challenge for the future is to ensure that all people with disabilities become full participants in the criminal justice system. The National Council on Disability noted in its Achieving Independence report that the achievement of independence for people with disabilities is a test of the very tenets of our democracy. We are committed to giving to all crime victims:
- The right to protection from intimidation and harm.
- The right to counsel.
- The right to reparations.
- The right to preservation of property and employment.
- The right to due process in criminal court proceedings.
While the United States is viewed as the world leader in civil and disability rights, crime victims with disabilities are largely invisible and their legal rights for service and justice go unaddressed.
The most important thing that Americans should do for people with disabilities in the future as proposed in this short passage is
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SECTION B INTERVIEW
Directions: In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Questions 1 to 5 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions.
Now listen to the interview.
听力原文： Woman: Dr. Mirkin, doctors seem to put a lot of emphasis on exercise. Is exercise really so important to the health of an average person？
Man: Yes, it is. Exercise is important not only for the health of your body, but for your mind.
Woman: How does exercise help one's mind？
Man: A person's mood is helped significantly by exercise. There are many physicians who prescribe exercise for those people who don't feel very good about themselves. Exercise is effective as a tranquilizer. Tests have shown that a 15-minute walk can have a more tranquilizing effect than the most-used tranquilizers on the market today. It has been demonstrated that people who exercise suffer less from anxiety and are able to work harder. Lack of physical fitness is often associated with decreased performance at work or in school. One study showed the 83 percent of the freshmen who flunked out the University of Syracuse were in bad physical shape. Conversely, student at Nathaniel Hawthorne Junior High School in Yonkers, N.Y., who were failing were put into a physical fitness program, and their grades picked up. So did their behavior. Exercise also helps you sleep at night.
Woman: What are the chief physical benefits of exercise？
Man: Physically, the most important value of exercise is the way it trains your heart. Students have shown that people who continue to exercise late into adult life live longer and are less likely to die from heart attacks. This is contrary to what people were taught years ago. But it is not how much exercise you get when you are older that's important. A study showed that Harvard football players died younger, on the average, than their nonathletic counterparts.
Woman: For a person who's not an athlete--and never has been--what kind of exercise should one do in adult life？
Man: The best kind of exercise is one that trains your heart. To do that, you must get your pulse up to 120 beats per minute for at least 30 minutes and at least three times a week. Any sport that doesn't do that doesn't really Wain your heart as it should be trained.
Woman: What do you mean by training the heart？
Man: The heart is like any other muscle--the more your exercise it, the larger and stronger it becomes. A large, strong heart doesn't have to beat as often to do its work, so it will take longer to wear out. There are other benefits to the heart from exercise. A heart attack is usually caused by an obstruction of the blood vessels on the outside of the heart that supply oxygen to the heart muscle. When you exercise regularly at 120 beats a minute, you enlarge those blood vessels. There's a type of fat in the blood called low-density cholesterol that many authorities believe is associated with heart attacks. Exercise lowers the amount of low-density cholesterol. Heart attacks may be associated with stress, and studies show that exercise decreases your feeling of stress. It also lowers blood pressure, which is another risk factor in heart attacks.
Woman: Specially, what exercises are best to train the heart？
Man: The sports that are most highly recommended include bicycling, running, jogging, ice skating, roller skating, jumping rope and cross-country skiing. If you can't go outside, bicycling can be done indoors on a stationary bicycle, and you can do your jogging in place or on a treadmill, qbe bad thing about such stationary exercises is that they can be boring. You should enjoy exercise. But the important thing is to bring your heartbeat up to at least 120 beats a minute. It may su
Similarly, college classroom space should be designed to encourage the activity of critical thinking. We may be approaching the twenty-first century, but step into almost any college classroom and you will step back in time at least a hundred years. Desks are normally in straight rows, so students can clearly see the teacher but not all their classmates. The assumption behind such an arrangement is obvious: Everything of importance comes from the teacher.
With a little imagination and effort, unless desks are fixed to the floor, the teacher can correct this situation and create space that encourages interchange among students. In small or standard-size classes, chairs, desks and tables can be arranged in a variety of ways: circles, U-shapes, or semicircles. The primary goal should be for everyone to be able to see everyone else. Larger classy, particularly those held in lecture halls, unfortunately, allow much less flexibility.
Arrangement of the classroom should also make it easy to divide students into small groups for discussion or problem-solving exercises. Small classes with movable desks and tables present no problem. Even in large lecture halls, it is possible for students to turn around and form. groups of four to six. Breaking a class into small groups provides more opportunities for students to interact with each other, think out loud, and see how other students’thinking processes operate--all these are essential elements in developing new modes of critical thinking.
In courses that regularly use a small group format, students might be asked to stay in the same groups throughout the course. A colleague of mine allows students to move around during the first two weeks, until they find a group they are comfortable with. He then asks them to stay in the same seat, with the same group, from that time on. This not only creates a comfortable setting for interaction but helps him learn student names and faces.
The underlined expression "step back in time at least a hundred years" (Para. 2 ) is intended to convey the idea that ______.
Gangs' "Protection"
Although from an objective point of view, we can see joining a gang brings more danger than it saves you from, this is not always the way it is seen by kids. In slums such as the Bronx or the very worst case, Compton, children will no doubt be beaten and robbed if they do not join a gang. Of course they can probably get the same treatment from rivals when in a gang. The gang also provides some money for these children who quite often need to feed their families. The reason kids think that the gang will keep them safe is from propaganda from the gangs. Gang members will say that no one will get hurt and make a public show of revenge if a member is hurt or killed.
So, as you have seen gangs are a product of the environment we have created for ourselves. There are some factors that include oppression, the media, greed, violence and other gangs. There seems to be no way to end the problem of gangs without totally restructuring the modern economy and value system. Since the chance of this happening is minimal, we must learn to cope with gangs and try to keep their following to a minimum. Unfortunately there is no real organized force to help fight gangs. Of course the police are supposed to do this but this situation quite often deals with racial issues also and the police forces regularly display their increasing inability to deal fairly with these issues. What we need are more people to form. organizations like the "Guardian Angels" a gang-like group that makes life very tough for street gangs that are breaking laws.
What does the author of this passage believe is the real cause of gang enrollment'？
Abortion Should Be Kept Out of the Criminal Code
Abortion is the termination of pregnancy before the fetus is capable of independent life. When the expulsion from the womb occurs after the fetus becomes viable (capable of independent life), usually at the end of six months of pregnancy, it is technically a premature birth.
The practice of abortion was widespread in ancient times as a method of birth control. Later it was restricted or forbidden by most world religions, but it was not considered an offense in secular law until the 19th century. During that century, first the English Parliament and then American state legislatures prohibited induced abortion to protect women from surgical procedures that were at the time unsafe, commonly stipulating a threat to the woman's life as the sole therapeutic exception to the prohibition. Occasionally the exception was enlarged to include danger to the mother's health as well.
Legislative action in the 20th century has been aimed at permitting the termination of unwanted pregnancies for medical, social, or private reasons. Abortions at the woman's request were first allowed by tire Soviet Union in 1920, followed by Japan and several East European nations after World War II. In the late 1960s liberalized abortion regulations became widespread. The impetus for the change was threefold: (1) infanticide and the high maternal death rate associated with illegal abortions, (2) a rapidly expanding world population, (3) the growing feminist movement. Countries with moderately restrictive laws of abortions permitted to protect a woman's health, to end pregnancies resulting from rape or incest, to avoid genetic or congenital defects, or in response to social problems such as unmarried status or inadequate income. Abortions at the woman's request, usually with limits based on physical conditions such as duration of pregnancy, were allowed in countries with nearly 40 percent of the world's population.
Under the Criminal Code. R. S. C. 970, C-34, abortion constitutes a criminal offense. Section 159(2) (c) makes it an offense to offer or have for sale or disposal, to publish or advertise means, instructions or medicine intended or represented to cause abortion or miscarriage. Section 221 (1) makes the act of causing death to a child who has not become a human being, in the act of birth, equivalent to murder. Abortion constitutes an indictable offense under s. 251 of the Code whenever a person uses any means to carry out the intent to procure a miscarriage of female person, whether she is pregnant or not. Section 251 (2) makes any female attempting to procure a miscarriage by any means guilty of an indictable offense. Section 251 (4) allows permission for a therapeutic abortion to be obtained from a competent committee, fulfilling strict regulations, with the operation performed by a qualified physician.
Until 1988, under the Canadian Criminal Code, an attempt to induce an abortion by any means was a crime. The maximum penalty was life imprisonment, or two years if the woman herself was convicted. The law was liberalized in 1969 with an amendment to the Criminal Code allowing that abortions are legal if performed by a doctor in an accredited hospital after a committee certified that the continuation of the pregnancy would likely endanger the mother's life or heath. In 1989, 70,779 abortions were reported in Canada, or 18 abortions per 100 live births.
Abortion
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