Most people are familiar with comic books and comic strips. The comic strip is usually found in daily newspapers. It is made up of three or four picture panels telling a story with one or more characters. Some comic strips tell a different incident every day. In other comic strips the story continues from day to day until it is finished, and then a new story begins with the same main characters.Comic books are extensions of comic strips into magazines. Each magazine is about one set of characters, and the pictures tell a complete story.Generally comic books are printed in color. The words are prined in balloons over a speaker’s head to indicate the person speaking. A few sentences may be used to bridge a gap in a story, but most of the plot is carried by direct conversation and by action in the pictures. Comic book covers are made of glossy paper, and there are generally the same number of pages- usually 32 - in each book in a particular series. More than one story is included in each issue, and there is usually some advertising.Comic books are published regularly, that is to say, every month, every 2 months, or once a year. Because of their regular publication, they are often called comic magazines. Approximately 200 different titles are published. The exact number varies from month to month. Some people estimate that close to 500,000,000 copies of comic books are sold each year.Comic strips are not all-humorous stories. The Comics Magazine Association of American lists these types of comic books: adventure, animal, biography, detective, fantasy, mystery, history, humor, military, religion, romance, satire, science-fiction, teenage, "kiddie", and western. Some types, such as adventure and humor, sell better, so there are more of them. However, the popularity of comic books has led many kinds of groups to use them to tell a story. There are comic strips in some Sunday school papers, the army uses the comic-strip technique in training soldiers, and many companies use comic books to tell their story behind a product or the history of their company.Comic strips began in newspapers as early as the 1870’s. Comic books similar to those published today first appeared in the 1930’s and were collections of comic strips previously printed. The next step in comic book history was the writing of stories for comic book use alone, using a single set of characters in two or three plots.The development of animated cartoon movies led to comic books about the same characters, such as Mickey Mouse. Sometimes a comic book retells a plot from a movie or a popular old book, in at least one case-Superman-the comic strip and comic book character led to television and movie versions. Television shows that are popular with young people are often made the subject of comic books because the publishers know they will quickly find buyers.The comic-book form is sometimes used to teach as well as entertain. Comic books are used to help explain complicated subjects. They are also useful tools to civil organizations in public information campaigns. A reference list of free and inexpensive materials will include many comic books such as those published by General Electric, Goodrich Company, or Swift and Company. Such material often contains valuable information. However, it is wise to keep in mind the source of the material if it is to be used in arguments. For instance, material from the American Railway Association will not tell about similar services performed by the national trucking industry.Telling a story through pictures will probably continue to be popular for some time to come. However, comic books have changed a great deal since they first began. Other changes will very likely come in the future. A comic book is not ().
A. published regularly
B. a 32 paged book
C. all full of humorous stories
D. printed in color
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Although the size of the workforce depends a great deal on the size of the total population, there are several other influences which also affect it. The age distribution of the total population has a very (21) effect on the available workforce. If the population has a high (22) of very young people or of (23) too old to work, then the available workforce would be lower than (24) there were an (25) spread age distribution. If the population grows raidly (26) natural increase, i.e., the number of births greatly (27) the number of deaths, then as a total population increases the proportion of the workforce (28) .Sometimes a population is described as aging, (29) means that the birth rate is either falling or growing very slowly, and as people retire (30) the workforce there are insufficient numbers of young people entering it to (31) those who are leaving it. The population is top heavy with older people. So the (32) of the population in the workforce declines when there is (33) a rapid increase in births or a falling birth rate.The age distribution of the population has several important effects on the economy. If the population is aging and there is an increase in the number of people retiring (34) a corresponding increase in the number entering the workforce, this raises the problem of the ability of the economy to provide a (35) level of social services to the retired group. If the (36) are to be cared (37) in special homes or hotels, finance must be (38) for that purpose. If the size of the workforce is small relative (39) the total population, then the government tax receipts are relatively low and either the government has less money available to it or the workforce members have to be (40) more heavily. 27().
A. sustains
B. exceeds
C. overwhelms
D. overthrows
阅读以下关于软件工程管理方面的叙述,回答问题1和问题2。 某大型企业集团的信息工程部有一百多名专职的软件工程师从事企业内外的软件开发与维护工作,该集团分布地域广阔。集团内采用了多种操作系统平台和多类开发环境。王总工程师在总结近三年来的软件开发工作时,发现有10%左右的软件开发项目未能完成而被迫取消;其余25%的项目中大多也不能完全实现预定的目标。特别是在软件测试环节出了很大问题。 王总工程师组织了信息工程部内有关的管理人员和业务骨干,召开了三次小结与分析会议,在会上集中讨论了软件工程管理有关的问题,在归纳的意见中出现了以下的一些内容: (1)软件开发已经逐渐成为一类工业化的生产过程,必须尽可能对其中的所有环节进行有效的管理与控制。 (2)软件工程管理与其它工程管理相比,主要的困难包括:软件产品的不可见性(难以把握开发进展与质量要求等)、软件开发过程的非标准化和许多软件项目开发的“一次性” (缺少可借鉴的经验)等。 (3)软件开发面对着进度、成本、功能和性能四方面的主要约束,即要求在预定的期限内,使用规定的有限资源,满足不断增长的软件功能与性能需求。从这个角度来看,必须强化软件工程的管理。 (4)Client/Server与Browser/Server模式等已成为当前软件体系结构的主流。在日益复杂的分布式开发环境下,进行跨平台的团队开发,实现代码共享相当困难,软件工程管理在其中可以发挥其重大作用。 (5)从目前情况看,要注意软件维护可能带来的副作用,也就是没有找到隐含的错误,在以后的软件维护中一定要注意。 (6)跨平台复杂环境多重结构开发含有许多需要加以管理的对象类型,多样化的团体开发也应加强管理。 (7)为使得开发人员对软件产品的各个阶段工作都进行周密的思考,从而减少返工,所以测试计划的编制是很重要的。 (8)一个大中型的应用系统的开发可能包含有成百上千个软件模块以及数以百万计的代码行,任何一个编程人员不可能了解和追踪该应用系统所有的每一个片断,因此使软件代码具有可管理性和可审核性将是软件工程管理中的一项重要任务。 (9)要提高软件的使用效率,要实施软件复用。软件复用是指重复使用已有的软件产品用于开发新的软件系统,以达到提高软件系统的开发质量与效率、降低开发成本的目的。软件复用的两个层次包括知识复用;方法和标准复用,软件复用的级别包括代码复用和分析结构的复用。 (10)我们的长远目标是需要建立一类软件开发管理体系,能有效地辅助软件开发全过程中对有关信息的收集和管理,这类体系应是可重复使用的并可适用于各类软件开发项目,使软件资源在软件的生命周期中保持完整。 (11)对外服务的软件开发机构应当努力取得ISO9000质量认证,并根据CMM(能力成熟度模型)标准来改进自己的开发过程。在这些质量标准实现的过程中,软件工程管理起着重要的作用。 [问题1] 王总工程师指出在上述十一条意见中,有三条的提法是不够恰当的或者是不够全面的,请你指出其序号,并各用50字以内文字说明理由。
[案例二] 背景 某单位承担了某道路工程项目的施工任务。由于该项目周边环境繁杂,施工干扰大,为了确保道路工程项目的施工质量,该施工单位根据有关文件和资料对该公路工程质量控制设置了关键点,该工程在实施中发生如下事件。 事件一:该工程技术总负责人负责对技术文件、报告、报表进行审核和分析。 事件二:由于第三方的原因,该工程被迫停工。停工时项目经理组织有关人员对其质量进行了检查,均合格。该工程在停工20d后复工,项目经理在未经检查的情况下指示继续施工。 事件三:在某关键工序施工完毕后,由施工人员对其质量进行自检,达到合格标准,紧接着便开始下道工序的施工。 问题: 施工人员对关键工序自检合格后,开始下道工序的施工是否妥当如不妥,应该怎样才可进入下道工序的施工
Immediately after the Civil War, however, the diet began to change. (61) Rail transportation increased the supply and improved the quality of the milk that reached urban centers; cold storage and refrigerator cars made possible the greater consumption of fresh vegetalbes, fresh fruits, and fresh fish; and commercial canning extended the range of appetizing and healthy foods. Subsequently food statistics indicated an increased consumption of dairy products, fresh fruit, fresh vegetables, sugar and syrups, coffee, tea, cocoa, and spices. Decreased consumption was shown for meats, potatoes, and grain products. (62) By and large, the American diet continued to reflect a considerable reliance upon animal products, rather than on grains, which meant that a relatively large acreage was required to feed the American public. Whereas a grain and fish diet, such as in Japan, requires only a quarter of an acre high-yield cropland and no pasture per capita, the American diet requires about two and a half acres of cropland and ten acres of pasture per capita. Also it indicated a shift toward the so-called protective foods, toward those high in vitamins and proteins. (63) This change was greatly furthered by governmental food inspection (the Pure Food and Drug Act was passed in 1906), by the increasing use of mechanical refrigerators in the 1920’s and 1930’s and of freezers for frozen food during recent decades.In the years after World War I, a food revolution took place that was reminscent of the one that occurred after the Civil War. The output of the food-manufacturing industry quadrupled from 1900 to 1940. (64) In that interval, as we have mentioned earlier, home canning gave way to commercial canning, and the labor of housekeeping was lightened.Fortunately most of the major dietary changes that have taken place since the middle of the 19th century have resulted in better nutrition for the population. In part, these shifts have taken place because of a preference for new foods rather than old, but in part, they have been made because the new foods were advocated by nutritionists. Apparently American dietary customs were not so deeply ingrained as to prevent change in the interests of better health. (65) Possibly one factor that has contributed to the readiness of Americans to accept new foods or food preparations is the general familiarity most have with a variety of regional dishes coming from many different lands. Within a small area in New York City or San Francisco, one can find restaruants specializing in French, Italian, German, Turkish, Arabian, or Chinese cuisine. And at a Chinese restaurant in the United States the chef and waiter are as likely as not to be Oriental. In that interval, as we have mentioned earlier, home canning gave way to commercial canning, and the labor of housekeeping was lightened.